Is america too dependent on technology? Essay

Are Americans too dependent on technology? Do you think Americans are too dependent on technology? Americans have become so reliant on technology in the 21st century that a vast majority of us probably wouldn’t know what to do if one day all the electronics just shut down. For example, I depended on this computer in order to write this paper, instead of just doing it the old fashioned way with a pencil and a piece of paper. Cell phones have become a â€Å"must have† in almost everyone’s life even the younger kids. I personally believe that we, Americans, are extremely too dependent on technology. Even though technology helps us in many ways it can also harm us as well. Despite the ease technology has given us â€Å"technology has caused people to become so reliant that, in a poll by CNET, 28 percent of people said they wouldn’t be able to live without high- speed Internet. The younger generation has lost its curious nature to explore to world. Instead, children are hiding behind a TV screen or Xbox game† (America). Many American children have awful social skills in todays time because they’re so stuck on their phones or computers. For example, my little brother is so stuck on his phone, ipad, or tv that when he has to talk to people in person he shuts down because he’s so used to just talking to people through his electronics. â€Å"Some experts believe excessive use of the Internet, cellphones and other technologies can cause us to become more impatient, impulsive, forgetful and even more narcissistic† (An Ugly). Another large problem technology has caused for us.

Jordan Baker

Not all houses can be the centre of attending where everyone wants to party at that place on Saterday darks. The houses that can make this are ever filled up people and are ever throwing partys that keep the bangs traveling non halt. The house described exists in a topographic point known merely as West Egg. The one throwing all these astonishing partys is Jay Gatsby, besides known as the great gatsby.How he got his luck is unknown but everyone excepts the fact that he is really rich.the house described above is found in the exciting authoritative novel, The Great Gatsby. Nick Carraway is the 1 that tells this narrative. He tells the narrative in a really unagitated and understanding manner. Nick lives across the manner from Gatsby and is related to Daisy. Theres many different important parts to the narrative. One that many people dont relize are the minor characters, there of import because they make the major character seem more realistic. The minor characters can state parts of t he narrative that the major characters could ne'er make. They complete the book and do all the events that take topographic point seem more realistic. The minor characters of this narrative show sides of the major characters that you would ne'er see with out at that place aid. Fitzgerald, the writer of The Great Gatsby, made many of import minor characters that bring the narrative to life such as Jordan Baker, Myrtle, and George Wilson. these minor character further finish the secret plan. Jordan Baker was normally seen throughout the book. She is Daisy ‘s friend and she represents the new adult females of the 1920s. Nick said â€Å" She was incurably dishonest. She was n't able to digest being at a disadvantage † ( Fitzgerald 60 ) . Nick and Jordan so ended up in a relationship. Fitzgerald included Jordan Baker because she makes Nick more of a character instead than a storyteller. Since she is friends with Daisy, she has information that Nick could non acquire which helps the narrative be told. She told Nick the narrative behind Gatsby and how his wealth came to be. She besides told Nick about Daisy ‘s matrimony, and how Daisy decided she did n't desire to get married Tom on the nuptials dark, but she did anyhow. Jordan said â€Å"Gatsby bought that house so that Daisy would be merely across the bay† ( Fitzgerald 80 ) . She connected Nick and Gatsby and besides connected all of the chief characters. The relationship between Nick and Jordan wa s non as strong. It was there to be contrasted with the relationship of Gatsby and Daisy. Jordan was an of import minor character because she connected the chief characters together. Myrtle Wilson foremost appeared in the narrative when Tom introduced here to Nick. Myrtle is merryed to George but is rip offing on him with Tom who is besides married. Myrtle is reasonably much a homewrecker and she is merely being used by Tom as more female company. During the party that happens in chapter 2 Myrtal repetitions Toms married woman name one time to many times and in a tantrum of fury Tom punches her in the face. This shows Toms disrespect for adult females and that he wanted nil to make with Myrtal than to utilize her. Myrtle making what she did shows that Tom is non merely a nice loving cat. Tom is shown as a 2 timer when he inquiries Daisy and Gatsby ‘s relationship even though he himself was holding an matter. Myrtle believes she is in a higher category or people than her hubby George Wilson. You can see this when she recieves a complament on something she was have oning and answer â€Å" It ‘s merely a brainsick old thing, I merely steal it on sometim es when I do n't care what I look like † . ( Fitzgerald 37 ) . She trys to conceal the white rubbish she truely is by moving snobby all because she is with Tom. In her head money is all person needs to hold felicity in life. Myrtle shows the reader that no 1 should move like something they ‘re non. George Wilson is besides another minor character in the novel. He is a mechanic and is Myrtle Wilson ‘s hubby. Tom Buchanan dainties George in a atrocious mode. He still talks to George easy, even though he is holding an matter with his married woman. When Tom went to present Nick to Myrtle, George asks Tom when is he selling him his auto. Tom replied following hebdomad, but so says â€Å" And if you feel that manner about it, possibly I ‘d better sell it someplace else after all † ( Fitzgerald 25 ) . The manner Tom negotiations to George, feels as if Tom acts superior. But George proved that incorrect because he is a sincere adult male. He really, genuinely loved Myrtle, unlike Tom. Tom practically plays both Daisy and Myrtle. When Myrtle was killed, Tom decided to state George that Gatsby killed her. He despised the relationship that Gatsby and Daisy had. He told George that, because he knew George would revenge Myrtle and so Gatsby would be out of his manner. Ge orge killed Gatsby all because of words from Tom. Tom is a barbarous adult male that merely uses George as a tool. The Great Gatsby is a great American, authoritative novel. It tells a great narrative of love and complications. It ‘s a review of the American dream. But all of it could n't hold been accomplished without the usage of minor characters. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald included minor characters functions such as Myrtle Wilson, Jordan Baker and George Wilson to sophisticate the narrative, with important actions. For illustration, Myrtle Wilson reflected the harsh and hypocrite side of Tom Buchanan. He uses her and does n't desire to go forth Daisy for her. Jordan Baker linked the chief characters together. She gave information to the storyteller that he would n't hold been able to have realistically. Her relationship with Nick made him more of a existent individual, and less of a storyteller. George Wilson ‘s character shows how Tom merely uses people for his benefits. The minor characters played of import functions in the novel. They reveal or unlock secrets about major ch aracters. The writer sends messages through minor characters that he could non through major characters. They make the major characters dynamic, and their actions causes the secret plan to alter. The narrative would n't be so great in-depth without minor characters.

Arrogance in Oedipus the King and Job

In this article I will explain how arrogance plays an important role in literature. Before you begin, you need to fully understand what arrogance is. Pride does not allow you to think or listen to important things if it does not differ from your ideas or ideology. When becoming arrogant, they are better than others, and eventually immerse themselves in the real nature of the situation. To illustrate this point we compare the Biblical text Job with the Greek tragedy Oedipus Rex written by two literary works, Sophocles. Among the kings of Sophocles' Oedipus, Oedipus was in charge of his tragedy. From his arrogance and stubborn character he was urged to make an impulsive decision, which ultimately led to his disappointment. Edipus and the people around it thought that fate was the root of Edipus 's problem, but Edepus' decision showed the audience he was responsible for. Edips is a constantly moving person. When the priests began seeking his help, he was sending Kryon to God to find God 's advice. When chorus is displayed ... Show details The quality of King Oedipus is fine, but he has many weaknesses leading to his disappointment. King Oedipus was drawn as a relatively unstable and arrogant ruler and he accused Teiresias that he plans to immediately acquire the throne in Kryon. As a man, Edeps is depicted as overconfidence and arrogance. Edips first fleeed Corinth to change his fate and confidently believed that he avoided his unhappy prophecies. The fact that he murdered an unknown man on the road to Thebes also revealed his temper. The main weakness of Oedipus as her husband is that he accepts his wife's advice and no longer asks for answers. Excessive self confidence and persistence in finding the truth of Edips, learned that he had fulfilled the prophecy, which ruined his life. King Oedipus is a drama about his struggle between the famous king and free will and his so-called fate. Edeps is predicted to kill his father and marry his mother. After learning the p rophecy, Edeps had acted immediately and left home Collins to avoid so-called parents. In King Oedipus, Sophocles showed that the action of Oedipus contributed to his downfall; this was his innocence and was very proud. At this point the speaker noticed that the foundation of his travel is the desire to find his house in heaven. Sailors are one of the most poems written in English. As I have seen, there are many discussions in the situation of the speaker, many people oppose it. This is almost certainly not agreed, but speakers always think that they are the same person.

About Yang Fudong Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

About Yang Fudong - Essay Example Just like any other works of art photography in an in-grown skill and the craftiness of photography is essential in determining the quality of a photograph. In this essay, we shall focus on Yang Fudong as the central reference in reviewing different aspects or art. In addition, we shall focus on the location; explore some details concerning the nature of photographs and why his work of art is significant. Yang is an experienced photographer whose birth dates back to 1971 in Shanghai china. Unlike some professional photographers, yang Fadong’s involvement in photography is driven by his interest in films, photographs and video. In all his works, the main focus is to realize the full power of imagery in exploring subjectivity, experience and thought. His ability to draw stylistically important details from the history of Chinese cinema is worth noting. This information is then presented in the form of open ended narratives that combine quotidian ritual with a dream and fantasy. In addition to his undisputable interest in art, yang is a trained painter with credentials from china academy of fine arts in Hangzhou (Ye Jiang, 2011, p.1). Yang has been in the art industry for a long time which explains his experience and the ability to produce quality and moving works of art. His venture into serious photography and art work started in the 1990s where he worked in the medium of film and video. Photographs and pieces of art made by yang Fudong are uniqueand stand out even when theyare put together with other pieces of art. All his works portray a high level of cinematography and clearly prove his mastery of cinematic style. Yang also appreciates the diversity of art. He believes that art is not restricted or governed by a set of rules or conditions. The freedom of expression in art is evident through the various photographs, films and paintings at UC Berkley art museum. The films have two major characteristics. They are open-ended and philosophical. This means t hat the films trigger questions that revolve around both history and contemporary life particularly in issues that affect the young people. The black and white film, seven intellectuals in a bamboo forest, which is adopted from a traditional Chinese tale-the seven sages of bamboo grove- is fantastic and a commendable work of art. He uses a romantic framework cautiously and courteously to preserve Chinese contemporary values to examine the societal and organizational structures in china today. In this piece of art, yang examines china through the eyes of young urban intellectuals and tries to establish their thoughts and feelings. This portray the real potential that art has in expressing peoples thoughts, feelings and grievances or problems that affect them in their daily lives. The Nightmancometh is a single screen work which unveils in the realm of historical fantasy to adequately encompass thought and feelings through the use of immortal characters. This piece of work is very pop ular among the many film, photographs and paintings that yang funding has developed in his lifetime. In developing and presenting this piece of work yang settled for a neo-realism description rather than historical or allegorical one. This method combines current and contemporary social factors in one piece of artwork. This film is a clear expression of the fact that when historical events appear and reappear, they seize being part of history and become part of the present or future. In viewing this film, the writer is taken through a series of changing emotions and thoughts as the warrior faces different circumstances. The view is left to wonder whether the warrior will continue fighting or will quit the battle half way. Yang fundong’

Marketing case Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Marketing case - Essay Example But staying in good relation with the wholesale distributors became difficult because they thought that their customer base would be encroached by the potential new retailers. There can be many possible ways in which the manager can respond to this situation. Several companies have to handle channel conflicts when they are dealing in a hybrid or multi channel distribution system. Crafton is experiencing â€Å"external channel conflict† in the given scenario. It can be handled in various ways. Firstly, Crafton can arrange some business planning meeting in which the company can clarify it to them that they are an important part of their distribution channel and cannot be neglected in any way. The company can also use motivation strategies to instil a sense of responsibility towards the company (Linton, n.d.), as the wholesalers have been in business relation with Crafton for a very long period of time and they cannot just quit. Aligning pricing strategy is another solution for this channel conflict. This can guarantee the wholesalers that their share of the profit is not siphoned to the retailers. The wholesalers would have a clear idea of what proportions of the profit margins are theirs and what is going to the retailers. Crafton has to make clever decisions in this strategy because the company cannot afford to lose any of its own profits or any of the distribution channels’. Crafton can do this by formulating a consistent pricing and discount strategy. The prices must be reflective of service, availability of the product and the costs. Prices should only be set by the supplier. Creating monthly, quarterly and annual business plans would enable the wholesalers and the retailer to fulfil certain criteria on these entire bases. This would allow the company to give retailers and wholesalers some targets to be achieved till a certain point in time, for

Analysis of the Easy Jets mission statement's significance Essay

Analysis of the Easy Jets mission statement's significance - Essay Example Analysis of the Easy Jet’s mission statement's significance to current circumstances The mission statement of an organization can very crucial for a number of reasons. This can be a very effective tool for getting senior managers to talk about their differences and thrash out a common viewpoint. Mission statements are more usually an expression of a companys purpose and ambition. The mission statement of a company is a sort of company flag to rally round and a signpost for all stakeholders. Mission statement defines the values and behaviour standards for managers and stakeholders. A good mission statement is an influential document designed to give lucidity and evoke an emotional response. A mission statement must not be too far ahead of the current situation or it will be dismissed with If they think thats how we work around here, they are as crazy as I always thought they were.2 Hence, one of the salient objectives of the mission statement of an organization is to spell out the purpose of the organization. A mission statement also guides a signpost for the stakehol ders. â€Å"To provide our customers with safe, good value, point-to-point air services. To effect and to offer a consistent and reliable product and fares appealing to leisure and business markets on a range of European routes.† It is evident from the mission statement of EasyJet that the company’s target segments are the people who travel for pleasure and the business people who travel from one city or country to another city or country for business purposes.

Canada's Dispute with the UAE Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Canada's Dispute with the UAE - Research Paper Example Furthermore, a study conducted by Etihad showed that in presence of more flights, the government would earn around 26 million Canadian dollars in taxes and would witness the creation of more than 1900 employees (Patrick & Lennox, 2008). Consequences Towards the end of fall 2010, the Canadian media got headlines when they aired the news that Canadian Defense Minister, Peter Mackay has been â€Å"thrown out† of the UAE. However, the reality was a bit different. Weeks before this incident happened, the lease, which allowed Canada to have a military camp in UAE for its soldiers in Afghanistan, expired. It meant that now if any military plane, which had to land in UAE, would have to take authorization from the UAE administration. However, Mackay did not have any such authorization and therefore, the UAE officials had no choice but to restrict the landing of Mackay in UAE (Abma, 2011). The consequences of this dispute have been adverse and if the parties fail to show any flexibility or if there is no intervention from any third party to solve the issues, then this pay the trailer of what is going to happen next. Recently, the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper amazed the world by blaming the UAE government on being soft on terrorism. Furthermore, the Prime Minister also linked the introduction of visa restrictions and ending of lease arrangement for Canadian forces to fight in Afghanistan with blackmail to get the UAE’s subsidized airlines to suck money out of Canada. In fact, Prime Minister Harper has been really loud and angry on this issue and has gone on to raise doubts on the intentions of the UAE administration in helping Canada... Towards the end of fall 2010, the Canadian media got headlines when they aired the news that Canadian Defense Minister, Peter Mackay has been â€Å"thrown out† of the UAE. However, the reality was a bit different. Weeks before this incident happened, the lease, which allowed Canada to have a military camp in UAE for its soldiers in Afghanistan, expired. It meant that now if any military plane, which had to land in UAE, would have to take authorization from the UAE administration. However, Mackay did not have any such authorization and therefore, the UAE officials had no choice but to restrict the landing of Mackay in UAE (Abma, 2011). The consequences of this dispute have been adverse and if the parties fail to show any flexibility or if there is no intervention from any third party to solve the issues, then this pay the trailer of what is going to happen next. Recently, the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper amazed the world by blaming the UAE government on being soft on terrorism. Furthermore, the Prime Minister also linked the introduction of visa restrictions and ending of lease arrangement for Canadian forces to fight in Afghanistan with blackmail to get the UAE’s subsidized airlines to suck money out of Canada. In fact, Prime Minister Harper has been really loud and angry on this issue and has gone on to raise doubts on the intentions of the UAE administration in helping Canada against the war on terror as part of the plan to ask for bigger favors (Kukucha & Bratt, 2011).

Population Growth and Its Effect on Global Warming Research Paper

Population Growth and Its Effect on Global Warming - Research Paper Example , this brief essay will attempt to briefly analyze this monolithic problem in terms of the exponential growth in human population that has been evidenced over the past 200 years. Furthermore, a determination will be sought to be made with regards to the question of whether human action or natural causes best explain the climate fluctuations that planet earth has recently been chronicling. Lastly, as a function of the previous points of discussion and analysis, the author will attempt to proscribe a reasonable and performable set of steps and solutions which both the scientific community and the world at large could and should seek to employ as a function of ameliorating the stress on planet earth and the issues at hand. Furthermore, as a means of bringing such an understanding about, the analysis will also rely upon relevant scientific publications on the topic as well as verifiable statistics and charts concerning overall levels of climate change and corresponding increases in CO2 e missions by humans over the past several decades. However, noting the global climate change is an issue is not, in and of itself sufficient. As such, the analysis will also consider the rapidly increasing demand that fossil fuels have been projected to assume over the next several decades and posit a potential alternative to further environmental degredation at the hands of seemingly ever expanding human populations. Firstly, there is the point of view that strongly believes that the swings in climate change are the direct result of the presence of high amounts of human CO2 in the atmosphere that is causing a greenhouse effect on the planet and thereby causing world temperatures to rise. Prima fascia of this argument is the belief that human CO2 emissions are responsible for the changes to the global climate. It follows therefore that those which ascribe to this point of view are the most vehement that drastic and immediate changes to the manner in which human beings interact

FAMILY HISTORY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FAMILY HISTORY - Essay Example Lucky enough nobody from my past contracted Spanish flu as my relatives who were in the Arm were given vaccine to prevent them as their families from the illness. My grandparents were still farmers who mainly planted corn and kept domestic animals such as horses. The roaring of the 20’s, however, made them migrate to Texas were my father was born but in a later time. The prohibition did not affect anybody in my family line as nobody was concerned with alcohol. The years before World War II significantly affected my family as my relatives, who took part in World War I, were called up again for World War II. Two of my relatives lost their lives during the war, which seriously affected the family. According to my father, my grandparents got an indoor toilet precisely in 1938. Some of my relatives started working particularly in the white collar sector. My grandparents, however, kept up with their farming. During the attack on Pearl Harbor, a relative of mine who passed on, in 1970, was there and gave my relatives stories of how the soldiers were lucky to survive the unexpected attack. However, they had a hard time recovering from the effects of World War II as it took the lives of two of my relatives away. During the cold war era, people living in the U.S. had a capitalist culture, and this is how my family mainly lived (Forbes 14). During the McCarthy era, a lot of families were accused of being communists, but my family showed loyalty to the American government and these accusations did not reach them. The animated film, The Wolf Man, was much appreciated by my family members. They already had a TV set before this time, and some of the favorite shows the Lets Rhumba show. My parents were born during this time. My relatives were concerned in keeping the family business of selling corn going. During the assassination of President Kennedy, my father remembers how the country mourned for losing

Reggio Emilia research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Reggio Emilia research - Essay Example Malaguzzi developed a learning program or self-guided curriculum that had basis on respect, obligation, and community principles that influenced self-discovery and contributing to the enrichment of the environment basing on the interests of the children. The basis of this curricular was to provide education coupled with care where the parents of Reggio Emilia influenced its development through their sale of military equipments that had remained after the World War II. 1. The Reggio Emilia curriculum Since its inception, the Reggio Emilia Approach to offering education has experienced immense improvements in an attempt to improve the learning standards of children. The Reggio curriculum is the Approach that emerged in which the adopters of this philosophy became the Reggio educators. As per the curriculum, the educators are responsible for developing the educational goals that are in line with the intensive expansion of knowledge. In the Reggio application, most of the curriculum impl emented through projects results from the input of children or teachers meaning that it is a flexible education Approach. Ideally, children tend to be curious beings especially when at a tender age meaning that the learning project may change depending on the subjects that have caught their eyes (Grotewell & Burton, 2008). In this learning process, the project developed by either the children or the teachers signifies that children conduct this curriculum while their teachers guide them (Arnstrong, 2006). The Reggio curriculum projects may take months before completion depending on their length meaning a shorter Reggio Emilia project may take shorter to complete. 2. What does Reggio Emilia mean? When a child starts going to school, this means that from that point forward there would be lesser parent involvement, which might be a scary thought for many parents. The lessons rely heavily on structures developed by teachers meaning that there is less play and more study work for the chi ldren. As per the Reggio Emilia Approach, the application is different because parents, teachers, and children become equal stakeholders in the learning process. Presently, the Reggio Emilia application is a module that preschools and kindergartens in the world have adopted with plans to include the program in the elementary classes in the piping. In essence, Reggio Emilia is not a philosophy that bases on a set of established beliefs, but rather it is a philosophical approach whose fundamental values focus on the learning outcomes for children. In this approach, there are several core principles embedded in the execution of this philosophy in learning that include significance of the learning environment, the child being an active participant to the learning process, making the learning visible, and having the three stakeholders of the learning process to collaborate. The most critical part of the process is influencing the children to learn more within the program through the supp ort of the parents and the teachers alike as curiosity heightens the quest for knowledge for young children. Key beliefs that the Reggio Emilia model promotes regarding the learning and development of young children According to Morrison (2010), the Reggio Emilia program is applicable to children from the age of three months to those age six years in which many schools in the USA have incorporated it into their early childhood learning systems. Ideally, the execution of

Philosophy of Man Essay Example for Free

Philosophy of Man Essay

Can feminism be thought of as a theory of law Essay Example for Free

Can feminism be thought of as a theory of law Essay As a concept, feminism is very much a modern notion within legal circles, which aims to eradicate any prejudice against womens rights. This in a society strongly founded upon a male-orientated legal system, which historically fails to recognise the social and legal rights of women, and instead focuses upon male-orientated theories and ideologies.1 It is this patriarchy that feminists thrive to eliminate. The essence of patriarchy is emphasised by the Marxist legal theory, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th Century, which places no emphasis upon gender, and consequently belittles the feminists fight for gender equality. Juxtaposed with the rigid Marxist approach to legal rule is the postmodernist dialect that offers a positive method of forcing individuals to confront and change the rigid contexts and structures (including laws) within which they have arbitrarily confined themselves.2 The ideology of feminism is split into three distinct categories, all of which work towards one common goal of removing gender prejudices: 1) Liberal feminism is grounded in classical liberal thinking that individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursue their own interests. Liberal feminists accept the basic organisation of our society but seek to expand the rights and opportunities of women. Liberal feminists support equal rights and oppose prejudice and discrimination that block the aspirations of women.3 2) Socialist feminism is an evolution from Marxist conflict theory, essentially made in reaction to the little attention Marx paid to gender. Socialist feminists argue that the bourgeois family must be restructured to end domestic slavery in favour of some collective means of carrying out housework and child care. The key to this goal, in turn, is a socialist revolution that creates a state-centred economy operating to meet the needs of all. Such a basic transformation of society requires that women and men pursue their personal liberation together, rather than individually, as liberal feminists maintain.4 3) The third form of feminism is radical feminism. This, as the name suggests is the most extreme version of feminism, it disregards the liberal theory as superficial and inadequate,5 and they claim that even a socialist revolution would not end patriarchy. Radical feminists strive to create a society free from any gender inequality by completely abolishing the cultural notion of gender. To look at these three forms of feminism an observer would be ignorant to discard feminism as having no legal influence, as it is clear to see from these that support for such movements is vast and comes in various forms, all of which attack the same enemy, patriarchy, albeit in differing manners. These differing methods are accentuated by recent developments and movements in society, particularly in the 20th Century these can be clearly highlighted by looking at the actions of the suffragettes in 1910, which illustrate a more active approach to campaigning. As previously mentioned feminist legal theories are a contemporary concept, for this reason a radical new methodology in legal theory is required in order to encompass the new issues raised by feminism as a legal theory. Such a new methodology could be found in the critical legal theory method, as it would be able to incorporate feminist views such as the theory that a male-orientated appreciation of law emphasises individualism and rights at the expense of female emphases upon interaction and cooperation. 6 This approach is however, solely a theoretical one, and as such it does not entirely cover the needs of feminism, insofar as feminism is only partially and peripherally concerned with academic theorising,7 the major part of the work of feminism is to promote the dissatisfactions of a wide spectrum of women, which highlight the general inequality felt by women in regards to legal and social equality. Therefore critical legal studies, instead of acting as a definition, are rather a useful means of indicating the explicit and implicit male orientation of law and legal administration and the resulting disadvantage and marginalisation often suffered by women.8 This has led to the recognition of three fundamental elements which personify a feminist legal theory. These are: a) asking the woman question, i.e. the extent of the presence and recognition of womens experience in law; b) feminist practical reasoning, meaning a reasoning which proceeds from context and values difference and the experience of the unempowered; and c) consciousness raising, meaning an exploration of the collective experience of women through a sharing of individual experiences.9 These three elements, outlined above by Katherine T. Bartlett, are designed to act as the source for future feminist legal theory development, particularly in respect of womens outlook upon law with the intention of improving womens legal position in the future development or redevelopment of law.10 The legal evolution, or, redevelopment, mentioned above is one in which women strive to see a revolution from an inherently male legal mindset implicitly discriminating against women because it is framed in terms of male experience which does not necessarily relate to that of women.11 That is to say, that in numerous situations women are expected to mirror full-time, long-term and unionised male workers, when in reality women digress from this norm insofar as their working patterns tend to be far more interrupted and part-time. From this a clear paradox is produced, as feminists while thriving to be treated as the males equal simultaneously require a variant from this norm in order to account for their differing responsibilities. This attitude is stressed distinctly by the remarks of Joanne Conaghan and Louise Chudleigh, when they say, labour law both embodies and conceals the gender division of labour and, by focusing exclusively on the world of paid work, ignores the differing responsibilities [of] men and women.12 Such inadequacies within the legal system are numerous and ironically even legal structures that aim to eradicate gender discrimination can be seen to be based upon analogies created from irrelevant, and sometimes outdated, male experience. An unmistakable example of this is the treatment of maternity leave as analogous to the sick leave of their male counterpart. This is coupled by the notion that parenting is predominantly the females role, which is highlighted by the very limited provisions for paternity leave. 13 The underlying problem here is that, in order to be treated fairly and without any prejudice women are required to meet a norm set by existing male experiences which by there very nature do not create a balanced equality, and thus existing legal standards and concepts disadvantage women14 as they merely incorporate women into existing male-orientated legal structures, rather than recreating the legal structures so as to be established upon male and female requirements. The above mentioned relationship between female legal theory and critical legal studies creates a clear enhancement, in regards to political knowledge and understanding of feminists legal argument, and consequently for the female legal theory. The noticeable thing to emphasise from this is the disadvantaging effect of concealed and frequently unrealised bias in a legal order which has for the most part developed from male rather than female experience,15 and has therefore produced a rather lopsided legal system in favour of men. This prejudice has now been identified, thanks to the relationship between critical legal studies and feminist legal theory, this identification can be perceived as a significant legal stepping stone towards a legal system that not only incorporates females, but is instead founded upon female and male experiences resulting in an equality which is not merely all encompassing in terms of a male perspective, but rather an equality that is derived from the experi ences of both genders. Strongly contrasting the accommodating nature of critical legal studies in relation to female legal theories, are those theories of law and society created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Their creation, Marxism, a derivative of a much older proposition by Immanuel Kant that stated that, every thesis has a contrary antithesis16 and that eventual resolution of these two contradictory perspectives, through revolution, would end up creating an absolute understanding. This led to Marx placing specific importance upon an economic foundation from which all things within society, both social and political, are merely superstructure. It is for this reason that Marxism has been described as being a distinctly materialistic theory. A strong contrast can be seen between the feminist legal theory, which bases its social beliefs at the apex of its legal structure, and the Marxist theory which states that social understanding is seen as an ideological perception of the economic relations existing at a given time which will change as the underlying economic relationships alter.17 Here it is clear that a Marxist approach would place very little emphasis upon the social question of gender inequality, but would instead focus upon an economic foundation with the speculation that if a high enough proportion of society feel a need to increase gender equality then a revolution would take place. For Marxism social revolution appears to be the basis for the theory to develop. It would therefore appear to be a theory that shows little appreciation for social needs, such as those displayed by the female legal theory. For feminists to advance their legal theory through a Marxist approach, the attitude of socialist feminists, as discussed above, would have to be adopted. That is to say that the bourgeois family must be restructured to end domestic slavery in favour of some collective means of carrying out housework and childcare. The key to this goal, in turn, is a socialist revolution that creates a state-centred economy operating to meet the needs of all. Such a basic transformation of society requires that women and men pursue their personal liberation together, rather than individually, as liberal feminists maintain.18 This once again highlights the idea of a union between both genders, encompassing experiences from both so as to enable females not only to be incorporated into an existing legal structure but instead to recreate a legal structure based upon the needs and experiences of both genders. A legal theory that promotes the liberating philosophy required in order to create a society able to accept the alterations needed to adequately unify both genders in a legal sense is the postmodern legal theory. This theory, commonly portrayed as a recipe for relativism,19 also displays the characteristics needed in order to force individuals to confront and change the rigid contexts and structures (including laws) within which they have arbitrarily confined themselves.20 In this sense it is the ideal method for women to promote and execute the installation of their female legal theory. As it would not only tolerate an amendment in the law to integrate women into existing law, but more than this it would allow them to change the rigid contexts and structures mentioned above, which have prevented the advancement of gender equality within the legal structure. However, postmodernism also raises some problems in relation to feminist jurisprudence. Hilaire Barnett states that there must be developed critiques which reject the universalist, foundationalist, philosophical and political understanding offered by modernismand in its place there exists diversity, plurality, competing rationalities, competing perspectives and uncertainty as to the potentiality of theory.21 In general, here she is saying that women must resist generalising their condition within society, and instead focus upon the multiplicity of subjectivities, identities, which inhere in the individual.22 Overall, I believe feminism to be undoubtedly fundamental in some way. The critical legal theory discussed above shows how society has failed to display mutuality, not only towards women as members of society but towards men and women, through an improper discriminatory selectivity, generate alienation and, ultimately, disfunctionality in the working of a legal order.23 This inequality has led to the recognition of three fundamental elements which personify a feminist legal theory. Resistance is however, met by a Marxist legal theory, which displays very little appreciation of gender issues. However, a feminist theory could be adopted through the Marxist bourgeois revolutionary approach, which would see both genders uniting in a revolution to change the pre-adopted norms of society. This idea of changing preconceived rules and laws within society would allow a feminist legal theory to develop, an idea given weight to by the postmodern legal theory, which also places special emphasis upon withdrawing from a united generalisation of women and instead focusing upon them as individuals. Therefore, I would argue that feminism can be thought of as a theory of law, albeit not on the same scale as other theories previously mentioned, such as Marxism. But its rapid evolution and recent political and legal enhancement within society makes it a theory with considerable weight, and certainly a theory fundamental in some way. 1 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 2 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 3 Sociology A Global Introduction John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer 4 Sociology A Global Introduction John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer 5 Resisting Patriarchy: The Womens Movement and Feminism 6 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 7 Dworkin, Which Dworkin? Taking Feminism Seriously in P. Fitzpatrick and A. Hunt, eds., Critical Legal Studies (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p.47.) 8 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 9 Katherine T. Bartlett, Feminist Legal Method (1970) 103 Harv L Rev, 829 10 Katherine T. Bartlett, Feminist Legal Method (1970) 103 Harv L Rev, 829 11 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 12 Women in Confinement: Can Labour Law Deliver the Goods? In Critical Legal Studies, p. 133 at p. 137. 13 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 14 Feminist Legal Methods (1970) 103 Harv L Rev , p.829 at p.837. 15 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 16 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 17 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 18 Sociology A Global Introduction John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer 19 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 20 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 21 H. Barnett, Introduction to Feminist Theory (London: Cavendish Publishers, 1998, p. 180. 22 H. Barnett Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence, pp. 1179-80 23 Textbook on Jurisprudence Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White

Vocabulary Learning On Low Proficiency Learners English Language Essay

Vocabulary Learning On Low Proficiency Learners English Language Essay In many research on second language classroom, the role and influences of mother tongue or first language (L1) on second language (L2) learning has always been a hotly debated issue. There have always been contradicting views about whether or not to use L1 of the students in the second language classroom. During the past 30 years, in the late seventies to early eighties, the idea of using mother tongue in language classroom was not a favored one. Majority of the language classroom used solely L2 while the use of L1 is avoided totally (Liu, 2008). In fact, many supported the use of L2 only so as to provide full exposure to that language. The use of L1 in the language classroom is deemed as depriving the learners input in L2 (Ellis, 1984). Despite the many arguments from both proponents and opponents of the use of L1 in the L2 language classroom, linguistic researchers failed to provide a conclusion for this issue and could not reach a common ground on whether the use of L1 is considered as a facilitator or a barrier in the acquisition of second language. According to Nation (2003), L2 should be fully utilized as much as possible in a foreign language classroom (in this context, English). Though L2 should be the core language used in classroom management and learning, the use of L1 should not be abandoned as it has a minute but significant role in language learning (Nation, 2003). Apart from Nation (2003), there are many linguists and researchers in the field of second language acquisition who agreed that L1 should be utilized in the language classroom in particular with students who are not highly proficient in the target language (Swain Lapkin, 2000; Tang, 2002; Mattioli 2004). This suggests that L1 plays an important role in the language classroom especially for the low proficiency learners. However, not many empirical studies have been conducted to examine the effectiveness of using L1 as a tool for low proficiency learners in L2 classroom (Bouangeune, 2009). Therefore, this paper seeks to find evidence to support the theory that L1 can facilitate the learning of L2 in the classroom learning. Classroom learning for languages encompasses four language skills, for example, reading comprehension, writing, and vocabulary learning. As a head start, this paper will examine the use of L1 in L2 vocabulary learning. 1.2 Research Objectives Liu (2008) did a rather straightforward and comprehensive research on the effects of L1 use on L2 vocabulary learning. In his study, he managed to prove that bilingual vocabulary teaching method is actually suitable for Chinese EFL learners (Liu, 2008). Inspired by his research, this study aims to address the problem of low proficiency learners in Malaysian secondary government school. This study will replicate the research done by Liu (2008) to investigate the role of L1 in L2 vocabulary learning. Also, this study intended to identify whether L1 is a facilitator or a barrier to the L2 vocabulary learning in Malaysian context and how L1 facilitates the language learning. The main objective of this study is to examine the effects of L1 use in L2 vocabulary learning on low proficiency L2 learners. 1.3 Research Questions Based on the objective, this study seeks to measure how L1 facilitates the low proficiency L2 learners to understand the meanings of new words. This study aims to answer the following questions: What are the effects of using L1 in L2 vocabulary learning classroom? To what extend does the use of L1 increase the performances of L2 vocabulary learning. From here, we propose the following hypotheses: There are significant differences between the performances of students with different language approach in the vocabulary learning. The bilingual approach (incorporating L1 in L2 classroom learning) is suitable to low proficiency L2 learners. 1.4 Purpose of the Study This study sets to focus on L2 vocabulary learning due to the reason that acquisition of vocabulary has a fundamental role in learning a second language (SÃ ¶kmen, 1997). In other words, vocabulary learning is inter-related to other language skills. A number of studies claimed that L2 learners need to have extensive knowledge of vocabulary as it is useful in the long term run (Nation, 2001). Since the acquisition of vocabulary is so important in learning a second language, effective ways of teaching and learning vocabulary should be emphasized. Research has confirmed that proper application of L1 can effectively assist the memorization of new words during L2 vocabulary learning process. Liu (2008) used the fact that L1 is present in L2 learners mind, therefore, whether the teacher uses L1 or not, the L2 knowledge that is being formed in their mind is linked in all sorts of ways with their L1 knowledge. This observation is supported from the sociocultural theory perspective that L1 meanings continue to have a persistent effect in the L2 learning (Lantolf Thorne, 2006). Therefore, it is hope that through this study, we are able to draw some insights concerning the role of L1 and how L1 provides a familiar and effective way for acquiring and understanding the meaning of new words in L2 vocabulary learning. 1.5 The Theoretical Framework The theoretical framework for this study is based on three prominent second language acquisition theory, namely the Krashens Monitor Model (1985), Swains Output Hypothesis (1985) and Comprehensible Output (1995) and Longs Interaction Hypothesis (1981, 1996). It has been widely acknowledged that the three constructs of these theories, the input, interaction and output are closely related elements in L2 learning (Zhang, 2009). The input is vital for language acquisition. However, input alone is not sufficient. In addition, interaction comes into play as an equally important role in the process of learning. As for output, it is the final result or the goal in learning L2. According to Krashen , the input and output of L2 learning and production is reflected by the model in Figure 1 below: Figure 1: Krashens combined model of acquisition and production Learners need to receive comprehensible input the L2 acquisition. Before the input is being processed into the Language Acquisition Device (LAD), it may or may not be filtered as the Affective Filter Hypothesis explains. With comprehensible input and low affective filter, learners will be able to acquire the L2 knowledge and produce output. However, the notion of output is not strongly stressed in this model, therefore a model of second language acquisition is also adopted. The model is reflected in Figure 2 below: Figure 2: A model of second language acquisition and use (based on VanPatten, 1995) Based on the above Krashens combined model of acquisition and production (Figure 1) and a model of Van Pattens second language acquisition (Figure 2), the framework below (Figure 3) is conceptualized to represent the relationship between Krashens comprehensible Input and Affective Filter Hypothesis, Longs Interaction Hypothesis and Swains Output Hypothesis in second language acquisition process in the context of using L1 in L2 teaching of vocabulary. Figure 3: Conceptualized framework based on combination of input, interaction and output 1.6 Significance of study Since there has been few studies done by the language teachers and professionals in identifying whether the use of L1 in the learning of L2 vocabulary on low proficiency students, this study will serve as a groundwork to determine the effectiveness and to gain insight of whether there is any differences, of how well the low proficiency students response and improve by using L1 in vocabulary learning. This paper hopes that the result from this study would add to the betterment of interest and motivation among the students and improve their proficiency in second language vocabulary learning. 1.7 Limitation of the Study This study examines only the low proficiency students who are studying in form 5, who are selected because they have been receiving below C grade for their English result. Due to insufficient representations of students of other level, generalization is applicable only to the form five students of the particular school. There is also the matter of class control. Since the students were from low achievement class, they are also the possibilities that they had discussed the answers among themselves. The research also suffers from time constraints. The purpose of this quantitative study is to determine the usage of L1 in L2 vocabulary learning on low proficiency students. Further studies may carry out in different samples for identification of different strategies and method use. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 History of language learning on L1 use in L2 teaching Throughout the history of second language acquisition both in the context of learning and especially teaching, the role of L1 has long been the most long-standing controversies in the history of language pedagogy and this, according to Stern (as cited in Anh,2010) . This was further supported by Hitotuzi (2006) who stated that first and foremost, to further understand the important and significance of the relationship of L1 and L2 in second language acquisition, one should start as early as one could in the periodic the role of the learners first language in the process of foreign/ second language learning and acquisition. The issues of whether or not to use the L1 in the L2 teaching have left a debate among teachers with some feeling that under certain limitations, the L1 could be used as a tool while the other teachers feel that L1 should not be involved in the teaching of L2 (Stapa Majid,2009). According to Anh (2010), the attention given to this matter has been increasing and ha s garner a lot of interest in research and studies carried out to further develop the methods and issues concerning to the qualities of using L1 as a resource in the language classroom and also among the language teaching profession. The history of L1 usage in L2 teaching can traced thought history and it could be considered to have started as early as in the nineteenth century in the western countries, where the Grammar Translation Method dominated the L2 classroom (Anh, 2010). Howatt (as cited in Hitotuzi, 2006) also stated that the Grammar Translation Method enjoyed a widespread acceptance excessively in the late nineteenth-century until the World War II, this is according to Bowen, Aden and Hilferty (as cited in Hitotuzi, 2006). Here, it can be seen that the usage and issues of L1 usage in L2 language acquisition has long started and practiced throughout history. According to Larsen-Freeman (as cited in Anh, 2010), the Grammar Translation Method derived from the teaching of the classical languages, Latin and Greek, where, through this method, L2 was used in grammar illustration, bilingual vocabulary lists and translation exercises and was a fundamental goal in helping learners be able to read literature (Anh, 2010). Since then, as stated by Hitotuzi (2006), many other significance occurrence can be seen in the development of L1 in L2 acquisition such as of Howatts Direct Method which focused on the extremisms in the usage of the mother tongue a movement that occur in the twentieth century and was according to him, was shortly preceded by Lambert Sauveurs Natural Method and followed by the Armys Method, or the Audiolingual Method (ALM). The matter of L1 usage in L2 teachng has a deep root in Second language and Hitotuzi (2006) further mentioned that During these centuries of controversy over the role of L1 in the L2 learning context, many untested teaching, practice and sinvolving (or excluding!) Learner L1 has been adopted; they rely essentially on popular beliefs. Anh (2010) also stated with the aim of developing post-communicative methods which regard L1 as a classroom resource, several studies connected to the role of L1 in the teaching of L2 have been conducted. 2.2 Krashens Monitor Model In the theories of second language acquisition, the Input Hypothesis by Stephen Krashen (1985) is said to be one of the major theories frequently referred to (Zheng, 2008). This hypothesis aims to explain how learners acquire a second language. It claims that language input (vocabulary) is important to acquisition. For the acquisition of L2 vocabulary, comprehensible input is an essential factor. According to the hypothesis, second language acquisition happens when the learners understand input that contains grammatical forms at i+1 (Zhang, 2009). In simpler terms, if learners are able to understand the explanations and instructions given by teachers, then their current competence i will be promoted to i+1. Learners tend to achieve optimal acquisition when they are able to understand most of the input while being challenged by some new vocabulary (Castro, 2010). It would be a waste of effort for a teacher to keep on speaking in L2 if the students are low proficiency L2 speakers. The teacher might be carrying many classroom activities but without the help of L1, the students cannot understand the instructions and participate in the activities. Therefore, it is crucial for teachers to provide sufficient comprehensible input to their students in the language classroom. When Krashen came out with the Input Hypothesis, he further described acquisition with another closely related hypothesis, the Affective Filter Hypothesis. The Affective Filter Hypothesis explains that learners need to receive the comprehensible input into their brains. However, learners tend to filter or block out the target language if they become tense, confused, angry or bored (Lightbown Spada, 1999). In order to prevent learners from having high affective filter towards target language, they need to be fed with acceptable taste of food. Previous studies have reported that teachers tend to fine students for using their L1 in English language classroom (Weinberg, 1990). If the students speak their L1 (Spanish, Cantonese, Mandarin, Vietnamese, Russian or Farsi) in the English language classroom, they will be fined 25 cents. This reminds me of my primary schooling days where we were made compulsory to communicate in English during the English Week and if we fail to do so, we will b e fined 10 cents for each word spoken in our mother tongue. As a result, many students dared not speak much or speak out loud during that week because they could not converse in English language fluently. This situation clearly explains that when learners become frustrated, upset, angry and resentful at the environment of the language classroom, their learning stops. Therefore, it is critical for teachers to consider the barriers faced by the L2 learners especially lower proficiency learners and provide comprehensible input to lower their affective filters. 2.3 Longs Interaction Hypothesis The other important element in L2 learning is interaction. Long (1981, 1996) influenced by Krashens theory on input developed the Interaction Hypothesis. In addition, Long (1981, 1996) focused on the link between the language learners and their language development. Since early 1980s, researchers have been concentrating on studying the role of interaction and considered it as important for second language acquisition (Xu, 2010). The central focus of the Interaction Hypothesis is on the negotiation for meaning (Castro, 2010). Comprehensible input must be accompanied by interactions to yield a more desirable output. The occurrences of interaction produce significances, feedbacks and input modifications that help to increase comprehension of content. Long (1996) noted that interaction facilitated comprehension and acquisition. In other words, interactive input is more important than non-interactive input (Ellis, 1994). Interactions in the language classroom are very important for both teachers and students. L2 learners should be given chances to interact with the teachers for clearer understanding. There should be possibilities for L2 learners to clarify requests, check comprehension and request for repetition in the classroom learning. Long (1981, 1996) noticed the differences in communication exchange between the native speakers and non-native speakers. For native speakers, they tend to continue communication despite the non-native speakers language limitations. Therefore, the non-native speakers need frequent negotiations for better understanding (Zhang, 1010). As such, the language used in delivering contents needs to be comprehensible to the learners so that their attention can be drawn in the classroom learning. Besides, L1 should be used as a tool to sustain the interactions between L2 low proficiency learners and their teachers so that both parties can enter into negotiation for meaning. 2.4 Swains Output Hypothesis In response to the Input Hypothesis by Krashen (1985), Swain (1985) argued that comprehensible input may not be sufficient for successful second language acquisition (Zhang, 2009). Furthermore, in order to produce comprehensible output, comprehensible input alone is not sufficient to L2 learning process. Research has been conducted using the Output Hypothesis and the results show that there is a link between language use and language learning (Zhang, 2009). From here, we know that in order to yield desirable output, we have to consider the factors that contribute to a more effective learning process. 2.5 Low proficiency L2 learners and vocabulary learning According to Anh (2010), due to the controversial of the impact of L1 usage in L2 teaching, many studies and research have been done on it. Although most of the research have been on the subject none really focused on how L1 usage in L2 teaching in the context of Low proficiency L2 learners. As stated by Latsanyphone and Bouangeune (2009), few experimental research and studies has been done on L1 to observe to find out whether it is an effective tool for teaching low proficiency learners. They further stated that The many agreement by professionals from the field of second language acquisitions such as Nation, 2001; Swain Lapkin, 2000; Atkinson, 1987; Tang, 2002; Auerbach, 1993; Mattioli, 2004 that stated and agree L1 usage would be an advantage with low proficiency students in a target language suggested that L1 plays an significant function in language teaching, particularly for the low proficiency learners. According to Latsanyphone and Bouangeune (2009), result from a study cond ucted by Ramachandran and Rahim (2004), who studied the effectiveness of using L1 in translation method, suggested that using L1 in the course of translation method was more effective than not using L1 in developing ESL learners vocabulary knowledge ability, and could also advance elementary ESL learners skill to recall the meaning of the word that they have learnt. They further stated that Based on the above, it seems necessary to look at the approaches for vocabulary teaching. Such implication could only mean that L1 in the teaching of L2 in the context of low proficiency students could prove to an advantage and should be further investigate the effectiveness of using L1 in teaching vocabulary to low proficiency learners despite the controversy of L2 teaching should only used L2 language as the medium of teaching. 3.0 Methodology 3.1 Introduction This section presents the study design and sets of procedures that were employed for the data collection of this research. The sample for this research was taken from a secondary school in Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru. Only the Form five students from the low proficient class are involved in the study. 3.2 Subjects The subjects for the study were selected of form five students in a secondary school in Pasir Gudang, Johor Bahru. They were selected from the classes that have the lowest result of English (c and below). 3.3 Instruments Two tests (pre-test and post-test) were used to obtain and collect data in this study. The students literacy was measured using language tests. Two vocabulary tests were conducted in the classroom within 1 week. The students were instructed to tick or cross depending on whether they know the meaning of the word. If yes, then they need to provide the meaning using their own words and the answer in L1. Their test results were collected and analyzed. 3.2 Procedures This approach is based on a questionnaire survey conducted on the target group. The main instrument used for this study is an open-ended vocabulary questionnaire that consists of ten chosen English vocabulary from SPM level essay. Where the students are instructed to tick or cross depending on whether they know the meaning of the word. If yes, then they need to provide the meaning using their own words and the answer in L1. A pre-test was conducted on the students. After the pre-test, the students were divided into two groups, experimental and control. The control group received explanation and discussion of the vocabulary and its meaning in English while the experimental group explanation and discussion were conducted in L1 (Bahasa Melayu). A post-test was done a week later. Both the experimental and control group were given the same format of questionnaire with the same questions/words as previous test. The purpose of the second test was to see how many words were acquired one week before could be remembered, and to see whether there was any difference in the vocabulary acquisition of the new words between the two groups. 3.3 Data analysis A quantitative method was used in processing the data. The data collected in the study was inspected. Tests were objectively marked by the researchers. For each correct answer/ meaning, they were given 1 mark. Data scores were carefully typed into the SPSS data table in order to gain the desired data and analyzed using independent sample T-test analysis. 4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Pre-test The objective of the analysis of the questionnaire is to answer the two questions of What are the effects of using L1 in L2 vocabulary learning classroom? and To what extend does the use of L1 increase the performances of L2 vocabulary learning. The results were interpreted independent sample T-test analysis shown in the graph below. The distribution of pre-test score by Class 1 (Experimental Group) is skewed to the right. It has a range from 0 to 2. IQR is 1. The mean and median are similar at 1.1 and 1 respectively. According to this graph, two of the students received 0 marks, 5 of them with 1 mark, and three of them with 3 marks. This could probably due to lack of knowledge of the given words and their meaning. However, from the answered questionnaire received, it could be seen that they do showed sign of positiveness and effort when they do try to answer each words in direct translation using L1 for example homeless, answered as kurang rumah. The distribution of pre-test score by Class 2 (Control Group) is skewed to the right too. It has a range from 0 to 8. IQR is 1. The mean and median are similar at 2 and 1 respectively. Accordingly, I students with 0 mark, 5 students achieved 3 mark, 2 student with 2 mark, I student with 3 marks and only 1 students received 6 marks. This group also showed poor comprehension of the given word although fared slightly better than the experimental group. From the above result, we can see that the post-test mean of Experimental Group (Class 1) is 14.2 and the post-test mean of Control Group (Class 2) is 11.8. Compare with the pre-test mean of Experimental Group (Class 1) is 1.1 and the pre-test mean of Control Group (Class 2) is 2, Experimental Group (Class 1) improve mean of 13.1 and Control Group (Class 2) improve mean of 9.8. The Improvement of Experimental Group (Class 1) is higher than Control Group (Class 2). 4.2 Post-test The distribution of post-test score by Class 1 (Experimental Group) is skewed to the left. It has a range from 11 to 15. IQR is 1. The mean and median are similar at 14.3 and 15 respectively. For this post-test, there seems to be an improvement according to the data results. Eight of students in the experimental group achieved 15 words correct, compared to the previous test where the highest is 3 words correct. The usage of L1 had further enhanced their understanding of the word and therefore resulting them to perform better in the post-test. The distribution of post-test score by Class 2 (Control Group) is skewed to the left too. It has a range from 7 to 13. IQR is 1. The mean and median are similar at 11.8 and 12 respectively. We could see from the result that there is improvement from the pre-test. Eight of the students had managed to get 12 and 13 correct. From the result above, we could see that the usage of L1 in the learning of vocabulary on low proficiency students do have a differences. 4.2 Problems with this study There were also problems and limitation that needed to be addressed in regards to this study. First and foremost, are the time constraints. As we progress with the research, we found that the duration of one week interval is not sufficient to test their understanding and memory. Another matter that concerns us is the insufficient representations of subjects; therefore, generalization could not be made for all form five low proficiency students. From the questionnaires that received back, we could not guaranty on the class control since we, the researcher are not there our self. Therefore, we could not be positive that the test was done under control situation, meaning, the teacher had made sure that the students had answered all the questions on their own. 5.0 CONCLUSION From the independent samples test, p-value was not above 5%, we have found a statistically significant difference between the true population mean post-test result by Experimental Group (Class 1) and Control Group (Class 2) at the significance level. This means that the Experimental Group (Class 1) has the sufficient evidence to suggest that they should teach the students base on their mother tongue language. However, from the result, by using L2 in vocabulary learning, could also achieve improvement. Therefore, it is hard to conclude which of the method is most effective if we were to compare them. However, the result remains that L1 usage do enhance the vocabulary acquisition. Taken together, the effects of using of L1 in L2 vocabulary learning classroom is encouraging and constructive. L1 should be used as a facilitator in the L2 vocabulary learning especially with students of lower proficiency.

Greek Fire, the Most Powerful Weapon of Byzantine Army Essay -- Byzant

"War is the father of all things."1 Volkman begins his book, Science Goes to War, with this quote from Heraclitus, the Greek philosopher. Volkman uses the quote to suggest that many, if not all, scientific advancements owe their birth to the desire for or the fear of war. Fire is undoubtedly a part of this advancement as Bert Hall points out, "Fire is one of the primordial forces of nature, and incendiary weapons have had a place in armies' toolkits for almost as long as civilized states have made war."2 Of all the tools at the disposal of the Byzantine Empire's military, the 'so called' Greek fire was the most important.3 Greek fire was a weapon system that allowed Byzantine ships, as early as the seventh century, to spew fire at its enemies. On the ship's prow was the head of a lion or some other monstrosity, cast in brass or iron. In it's mouth was a bronze siphon that could swivel back and forth.4 The flaming liquid that spewed from this siphon came with the roaring sound and a black cloud of smoke. What makes it worse is that it even burns while in water.5 The fear it instilled in enemies sometimes egged men in full plate armor to leap in the water, knowing they will be dragged down to the bottom simply because drowning was preferable to being burned alive.6 Such an awe-inspiring beast of a weapon was already predisposed to legend and rumor. However, even as cinematic as Greek fire was, its cloud of ambiguity is, frankly, ridiculous. Put as accurately and elegantly as possible, Greek fire was "a misnomer wrapped in a misconception, confused in translation, veiled in secrecy, and embellished with apocrypha."7 At one point, one of the Byzantine emperors wrote in a letter to his son that Greek fire "was revealed and ta... ...timore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1960. p. 19. Parkington, James Riddick Parkington. Origins and Development of Applied Chemistry. New York: Arno Press, 1975. Roland, Alex. Review of A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, by James Riddick Parkington, Technology and Culture, Vol. 41. No. 1 (Jan., 2000). Roland, Alex. â€Å"Secrecy, Technology, and War: Greek Fire and the Defense of Byzantium, 678-1204.† Technology and Culture Vol. 33, No. 4 (1992): 655-679. Russel, Bertrand. History of Western Philosophy. London: George Allen and Unwin LTD, 1946. p. 60. Stannard, Jerry. Review of A History of Greek Fire and Gunpowder, by James Riddick Parkington, Philosophy of Science, Vol. 29. No. 4 (Oct., 1962). Volkman, Ernest. Science Goes to War: The Search for the Ultimate Weapon, from Greek Fire to Star Wars. New York:John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2002.

Immigration to Canada :: Canadian Canada History

Immigration to Canada Early immigration to Canada was generated by a network of emigration agents who were salesman who advertised to Canada's attraction's to prospected immigrants. They targeted wealthy farmers, agricultural laborers and female domestics, preferably from Great Britain, the United States and Northern Europe. Canada's first immigration legislation, the Immigration Act of 1869 reflected the laissez-faire philosophy of the time by not saying which classes of immigrants should be admitted but , merely that the "governor" could prohibit the landing of pauper or destitute immigrants at any Canadian port. The Chinese, who were arriving in large numbers to build the railway, were a special target of fear and suspicion. An act passed in 1885 to "restrict and regulate" Chinese immigration, was later complemented by head taxes designed to discourage Chinese immigration. It wasn't until the 1960's that regulations and restriction to Chinese immigration were completely lifted. The 19th century closed with a world wide depression and a slow down of immigration to the West. But all that changed in 1895, when Clifford Sifton was appointed as Minister of the Interior at the start of an economic recovery. Sifton believed that "a stalwart peasant in sheep skin coat" made the most desirable immigrant , and set out to attract people suited for farming, In 1896, 16,835 immigrants entered Canada. When Sifton left in 1905, the population was 141,464. It rocketed to 400,970 by 1913. Some three million newcomers arrived between 1896 and the outbreak of World War 1. But Sifton's policies triggered criticism, despite success in attracting farmers. Immigration from central and southeastern Europe raised a ground swell of hostility on the prairies because residents didn't believe theses newcomers could assimilate readily into the dominant Anglo-Saxon society. The authorities wanted to keep African-Canadians out of Canada because they thought that they were useless to Canada.

A Cure For Shyness? Essay -- Biology Essays Research Papers

A Cure For Shyness? Many of us experience a pounding heartbeat or shaking when faced with a public situation, especially if we think we are going to be judged by others. When does this cross the line between normal and a mores serious disorder? Social anxiety disorder, a relatively newly recognized disorder by the psychiatric profession, involves many of the same symptoms as shyness. What makes the difference between a case of the jitters and a real disorder? Social Anxiety Disorder was first recognized by the American Psychiatric Association as a disorder in 1980 (1). It is characterized by such physical symptoms as increased heartbeat, blushing, dry mouth, trembling and shaking, difficulty swallowing, and twitching in the muscles (2). Many people with social anxiety disorder also have depression. A study in France found that 70 percent of patients who developed social anxiety disorder before the age of 15 also suffered from major depression (3). Diagnostic criteria, according to the current definition of social anxiety disorder given by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association, 4th ed. (DSM-IV), requires a persistent fear of at least one social situation which involves exposure to unfamiliar people or scrutiny by others. The patient must fear that he or she will act in this situation in a way that will cause embarrassment, and avoid the situation or experience extreme anxiety or a panic attack if fac ed with the situation. The patient must also realize that the fear is unreasonable. The avoidance or anxiety must interfere to a large extent with the normal routine, functioning, social activities, or relationships with the person (1). This last criterion, a significant interference ... ...%3Dhave51822&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no 10) Coming to you direct , from Expanded Academic http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/have51822?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb6.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F430%2F157%2F36658653w3%2Fpurl%3Drc2_EAIM_1_coming%2Bto%2Byou%2Bdirect______________________________________________%26dyn%3Dsig!1%3Fsw_aep%3Dhave51822&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no 11) Selling Shyness - How doctors and drug companies created the "social phobia" epidemic , from Expanded Academic http://infotrac.galegroup.com/itweb/have51822?http_rc=400&class=session&sev=temp&type=session&cause=http%3A%2F%2Fweb2.infotrac.galegroup.com%2Fitw%2Finfomark%2F746%2F514%2F36545191w3%2Fpurl%3Drc1_EAIM_0_A64993728%26dyn%3D23!xrn_59_0_A64993728%3Fsw_aep%3Dhave51822&cont=&msg=No+Session+cookies&sserv=no

Philippine Culture Essay

Culture is a person’s social heritage or the customary ways in which groups organize their ways of behaving, thinking and feeling. It is transmitted from one generation to another through language. It presents people with ways of relating to others to their surroundings. Culture represents the designs or recipes for living, the interrelated network of norms and roles. It encompasses modes of thinking, acting, and feeling found in a society and includes everything an individual has acquired as a member of a society. It tells one what to do, what not to and how to do things (Poethig, 2005). From our culture, we learn to determine what behavior is appropriate and what is inappropriate, what is good and what wrong behavior is, what are allowed and what are prohibited, and even which smells are pleasant and which are not. One of the cultures that this paper investigates is the Philippine Culture. II. Discussion The Filipinos of the last quarter of the twentieth century are the sum total of the social strains and cultural elements that are Aeta, Indonesian, Malaysian, Hindu, Arabian, Chinese, Spanish, Americans; in short, the Filipinos are cosmopolitan in nature. They are both oriental and occidental. The Aeta, Indonesian, Malayan, Hindu, Arabian, and Chinese elements are the foundation of the Filipino’s oriental nature—the core of their moral and social conscience and cultural identity (Carino, 2008). From early trade and commerce and intermarriages between the Filipino ancestors and Chinese and Hindu merchants, as well as the wave of settlements of other Asian neighbors into the country, the oriental side of the Filipino has evolved. Interpersonal and social relationships revolve around â€Å"blood ties,† marriage, and ritual kinship (Carroll, 2002). Spanish and American culture composes the Filipinos’ Occidentalism. Through centuries of colonial rule, the Spanish influence found its way into their religious, political, economic, and educational life, as well as into their language, dress, and diet. In addition, Filipinos are also inclined to status-oriented behavior, shame, debt of gratitude, self-esteem as the desire for smooth interpersonal relations (Carroll, 2002). All of these interweave with one another and add up to an accentuation of authoritarian in the Filipino. Filipinos are also shame-oriented, that is, their major concern is social approval, acceptance by a group, and belonging to a group. Their behavior is generally dependent on what others will think, say, or do. Their desires and ambitions depend on what pleases or displeases others. Being bashful still controls much of the Filipino’s behavior (Poethig, 2005). Moreover, the Family Code of the Philippines defines marriage as a special contract of permanent union between a man and woman entered into in accordance with law for the establishment of conjugal and family life. No marriage is valid in Philippine society unless the following requirements are present: the legal capacity of the contracting parties who must be a male and a female, and consent freely given in the presence of the solemnizing officer (Carino, 2008). The minimum age for marriage is 18 years but parental consent is necessary for those below 21 years. On one hand, the basic social units of Philippine society are the nuclear family, which includes the father, mother, and children, and the bilaterally extended kinship group, which embraces all relatives of the father and mother. Other important relationships are those of the siblings and the cousins and of the grandparents and grandchildren. The Christian Filipino family has often been described as a large family group, usually including three generations in the same home, which is, â€Å"extended† in terms of membership. Thus, the Filipino family is frequently said to be patriarchal in authority. Furthermore, the national language is Filipino, a formal version of Tagalog, an indigenous language. English is widely used in commerce and education. Most of the people are able to speak English. Only a few are able to speak Spanish (Poethig, 2005). Of the numerous indigenous languages—based mainly on Malayan-Polynesian languages—there are nine major ones. Of these, the most widely spoken are Cebuano, Tagalog, Ilocano, and Hiligaynon. III. Conclusion As a conclusion, in terms of residence, the Filipino family may be said to be bilocal and neolocal. The residence of the more influential and affluent family is likely to be the place of residence of the newly married couple. Where the girl’s parents are wealthier than the boy’s parents, the couple is likely to choose the residence of the girl. As a rule, Filipinos practice endogamy. One is likely to marry within one’s locality grouping, social class, religion, or nationality grouping. The rationale is that the adjustive process is easier when one marries within one’s group than when one marries outside it since one is already aware of its folkways and mores. Reference: Carino, Isidro (2008). A question of relevance. Philippine Panorama, July 5, 28-30 Carroll, John J. (2002). The focus of national renewal† Grassroots or elite. The Incumbents pf the system? Philippine Sociological Review 20 (4) October 1: 407-411 Poethig, Richard (2005). The Philippine urban family. St. Louis Quarterly 63-64 (September-December): 375-396

Product Life Cycle- 4p’s vs 4c’s

Why do 4ps right off being changed to 4cs? Marketing al dashs was bed with the Marketing mix or 4Ps which atomic number 18 * Product It includes your entire crossroad or function link up activities. interchangeable crossing design, harvestingdevelopment, variety, quality and mark and so on * Price You have to rank the footing of the results for customers considering discounts and credit de s policy. * locating It includes activities related with the distri plainlyion of your w are or work worry your various distri barelyion conductand inventory etc. furtherance It includes forwardingrelated activities that advertising, personal interchange and mankind relations etc. only when since the handed-down outbound foodstuffing is fault to inward merchandising with the increase of complaisant media the 4Ps be turning or duty period to the 4Cs. Consumer It is virtually the Consumer and non really the carrefour anyto a greater extent. A product should be rip e to happen upon various inevitably inside a single product. We dont sell products or function but we sell solutions to reliable fusss/ regards our customers have. As such, it is of the ut near brilliance to know how much the customer set your solution. greet Cost to match the consumers needs. Price is yet an facet of this C. Additional factors could be the hail of coming to the butt in, and possibly even a greet of conscience. Convenience Convenience of commit to procure like on the internet. The interrogate is not where to place your store, but how your contrasting customer-types would like to buy. This could be a carnal store in the street, but it could be an e-shop overly. Moreover, inside this choice of Place, in that location ar antithetic factors such as is the acquire wreak easy and straightforward luxuriant? Which bidding appeals to your audience? intercourse Communication to manoeuvre the customer and build relationships quite a than force a message. The latter sounded a bit like one way traffic, midget-arm the emphasis these days is intelligibly on interaction. I mean, look at the supremacy of social media in the communion dodging Reasons to change to 4cs * The 4 Cs usher out be considered an evolution of the 4 Ps. Everyone who ever had a grocery storeing training got in bear on with the 4 Ps, but I strongly believe that today, working with the 4 Ps tin jackpot actually be a findiness for your company beca employ they are as well product-oriented. This risk is that because companies are practically too product-oriented, they drop down out on veritable opportunities. The military mission of your company is not sell product X or delivering service Y, but providing a solution to a problem that your potential customers are facing. By changing towards a stop customer-orientation, it entrust be easier to adapt to certain changes in your market. How to follow up strategies using the product look pa ss? Introduction Stage * During the innovation tier, a product is firebrand- juvenile and un cognize to consumers.It is necessary, therefore, to use an active strategy in an start to win over new customers. * Although there is ordinarily little aspiration during this gift, the market is not fully developed. * A market strategy needs to not just now make consumers aware of the product, but excessively convince them that it fulfils a need for them. * Revenues are typically low or contradict during this salute, so firms need to be wide-awake to spend money on their marketing strategy now for future day gains. festering Stage * During the growth stage of the product life rhythm method of birth control, products become better known to the public. Consequently, it is not necessary to overlook as much effort and resources on growth product awareness. * Firms also benefit, during this stage, from change magnitude mathematical product levels, which results in economies of plateful. * During this stage, however, competition typically increases, fashioning price competition an meaning(a) fragment of a marketing strategy. * At this stage, most firms volition use the strategy of trim prices to remain competitive, while retaining their hit margins by reducing advertising disbursal and benefiting from more fficient production. Maturity Stage * The adulthood stage of the product life cycle occurs when the market becomes saturated. * At this point, production cost are further reduced by dint of and through economies of scale and experience, but competition leads to a hearty reduction in dinero throughout the industry. * There are twain strategies typically employed in instal to keep up cabbageability during the maturity stage firms can either differentiate their brand through marketing or store new features to the existing product.Decline Stage * At the subside stage, sales either pass or stabilize. * If demand decreases, this allow, t ypically, result in significantly lower price margins, often fashioning it impossible to make salary from the product. * At this point, firms that cannot make moolah will usually discontinue their product and centralise their efforts on other offerings. * Firms that can come the product at a profit will normally market them as a commodity, spending little on marketing and pulling in small profits on slight margins.Product purport Cycle- 4ps vs 4csWhy do 4ps now being changed to 4cs? Marketing always was known with the Marketing mix or 4Ps which are * Product It includes your entire product or service related activities. Like product design, productdevelopment, variety, quality and branding etc. * Price You have to set the price of the products for customers considering discounts and credit debit policy. * Place It includes activities related with the distribution of your product or services like your variousdistribution channelsand inventory etc. Promotion It includespromoti onrelated activities that advertising, personal selling and public relations etc. But since the traditional outbound marketing is shifting to inbound marketing with the increase of social media the 4Ps are turning or shifting to the 4Cs. Consumer It is about the Consumer and not really the product anymore. A product should be innovative to meet various needs within a single product. We dont sell products or services but we sell solutions to certain problems/needs our customers have. As such, it is of the utmost importance to know how much the customer values your solution.Cost Cost to match the consumers needs. Price is merely an aspect of this C. Additional factors could be the cost of coming to the store, and possibly even a cost of conscience. Convenience Convenience of place to buy like on the internet. The question is not where to place your store, but how your different customer-types would like to buy. This could be a physical store in the street, but it could be an e-shop too. Moreover, within this choice of Place, there are different factors such as is the buying process easy and straightforward enough? Which process appeals to your audience?Communication Communication to engage the customer and build relationships rather than pushing a message. The latter sounded a bit like one way traffic, while the emphasis these days is clearly on interaction. I mean, look at the success of social media in the communication strategy Reasons to change to 4cs * The 4 Cs can be considered an evolution of the 4 Ps. Everyone who ever had a marketing training got in contact with the 4 Ps, but I strongly believe that today, working with the 4 Ps can actually be a risk for your company because they are too product-oriented. This risk is that because companies are often too product-oriented, they miss out on certain opportunities. The mission of your company is not selling product X or delivering service Y, but providing a solution to a problem that your potential cust omers are facing. By changing towards a better customer-orientation, it will be easier to adapt to certain changes in your market. How to implement strategies using the product life cycle? Introduction Stage * During the introduction stage, a product is new and vague to consumers.It is necessary, therefore, to use an active strategy in an attempt to win over new customers. * Although there is usually little competition during this stage, the market is not fully developed. * A marketing strategy needs to not only make consumers aware of the product, but also convince them that it fulfils a need for them. * Revenues are typically low or negative during this stage, so firms need to be prepared to spend money on their marketing strategy now for future gains. Growth Stage * During the growth stage of the product life cycle, products become better known to the public. Consequently, it is not necessary to expend as much effort and resources on developing product awareness. * Firms also be nefit, during this stage, from increased production levels, which results in economies of scale. * During this stage, however, competition typically increases, making price competition an important component of a marketing strategy. * At this stage, most firms will use the strategy of reducing prices to remain competitive, while retaining their profit margins by reducing advertising spending and benefiting from more fficient production. Maturity Stage * The maturity stage of the product life cycle occurs when the market becomes saturated. * At this point, production costs are further reduced through economies of scale and experience, but competition leads to a significant reduction in profits throughout the industry. * There are two strategies typically employed in order to maintain profitability during the maturity stage firms can either differentiate their brand through marketing or introduce new features to the existing product.Decline Stage * At the decline stage, sales either d ecrease or stabilize. * If demand decreases, this will, typically, result in significantly lower price margins, often making it impossible to make profits from the product. * At this point, firms that cannot make profits will usually discontinue their product and focus their efforts on other offerings. * Firms that can produce the product at a profit will normally market them as a commodity, spending little on marketing and pulling in small profits on slight margins.

Mixed Method Research Design Essay

Introduction.This essay is devoted to a abstr apply system seek construct. In the paper peculiar(prenominal) attention is paid to numerical and soft access for the design of a look for as necessity comp 1nts of a multiform seek figure. A mix regularity design.There argon main look into paradigms in education and science. They are quantitative enquiry, qualitative search and mixed inquiry.A mixed research design is a general type of research that includes quantitative and qualitative research selective instruction, techniques and manners. All these paradigm characteristics are mixed in one scale read. This method design involves research that dos mixed entropy (numbers and text) and additional office (statistics and text analysis). A mixed method uses two deductive and inductive scientific method, has multiple forms of data collecting and realizes eclectic and pragmatic reports (Creswell 2002, p.69).Two main types of a mixed method are mixed method and mixe d nonplus research. A mixed research method is a research in which you use quantitative data for one pointedness of a research study and qualitative data for a second stage of a research. A mixed model design is a research in which you use both(prenominal) quantitative and qualitative data in one or two stages of the research move. The mixing of quantitative and qualitative onslaughtes happens in every stage of a research.In a research it is important to use a mixed research method for the conducting of a detailed research. The advantages of a mixed research areThe strength of the researchUse of multiple methods in a research helps to research a process or a problem from all sides practice of different move upes helps to focus on a single(a) process and confirms the data accuracy. A mixed research complements a result from one type of research with another one. This research does not miss any(prenominal) available data. Difference of quantitative and qualitative subdivisio ns of a mixed method design.A quantitative constituent of a mixed research assumes the usage of deductive scientific method while qualitative section assumes inductive scientific method. Moreover, a quantitative begin collects quantitative data based on make measurement applying structured as well as validated teaching collection (Creswell 2002, p.74). For instance, rating scales, closed-ended items and responses. This approach produces statistical report with correlations.A qualitative component uses qualitative information. For instance, interview, field notes, open-ended questions etc. This approach considers a researcher to be the major means of information collection. At the end of a research this approach supposes a narrative report with linguistic context description, quotations taken from research material.It is important to stress that in that respect are many ways of research performing. denary and qualitative methods have their advantages and disadvantages in a res earch. However, you may summarize the advantages of both methods and have accurate information on implementation, findings and conclusions of your research project. Qualitative and quantitative research methods have different strengths, weaknesses and requirements that affect researchers project accuracy. The aim of a mixed method design is to summarize positive aspects of two approaches and produce a highly accurate data (Creswell 2002, p.98).When you use several methods in your research process, then you grass use the strength of every type of information collection and minimize the weak points of every of both approaches. A mixed method approach of concourse and evaluation can increase the validity and accuracy of the information. Conclusion.The essay briefly analyzes a mixed method research design including the major components quantitative and qualitative approach for the design of a research. The paper proves the durability of a mixed method design.References.Creswell J. W . (2002). Research chassis Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Appro. Sage Publications 2 edition, 246 pp.

A Summary of UN Handbook on Gender Training

In the topic, why sexual urge MATTERS, METHOLOGY, the proper progressi unriv on the wholeeds to love-in-idleness keep up exertions is captured pass provided. whatsoever force come out of the closet engage in pacification abet operations should be at theatre with them in edict to contact an telling result.thither is a squiffy necessitate for the military unit to get wind the interconnecting strands that underlines the military, political, scotch and sociable livelihood history of the familiarity of the operations in roll of battle to make better nonification with appendages. arrest that communities represent of polar muckle with dissimilar c each(prenominal) for and priorities entrust divine service the force to correct on the proviso of responses hence facilitating general skill of committee target. In all, an change magnitude take of sustainable sleep should be the target.Further more than, the 4 theme STUDIES escaped up vistas o n the film for en write bug outen handst. The Iraq exemplar contain bases that in order to allay flavor, thither is the assume to get by wowork forces powers and responsibilities in a crisis situation. manpower wholly could non curb been delegate to dole out viands items. withal the rights of the residential atomic number 18a of operations should be protected as seen in the Cambodian illustration rent. pausekeeping mission missions should subdue creating prejudicial glory in the drove communities by place shine force out policies and practices establish on lever for pitying race rights. Similarly, for in effect(p) conditions for recreation and perceptual constancy to be created, no memorial tablet should be bothplace olfactory sensationed. For subject, later on 28 yrs of effect and ethnical meshing, Sudanese wo hands came unneurotic to drive a substance the frenzy by dint of a cessation conclave which is a non-violent approach to int er-tribal dispute.This shows the situation that wo custodys organisations atomic number 18 too appoint to establishing slumber and should non be over lifeed. The twenty-five percent fiber study throws more light on enhancing the peoples susceptibility to lease with crisis and make society. It goes tho to put up that women and men tone and accede in conflict disagreeently.Their experiences pay off a role to merelyterfly in station fight era. For instance in Colombia, m some(prenominal) bucolic communities had a component of examples wherein women were restricted to the houses, men did all the trail around. The subtraction is that in the possibility of eventual(prenominal) deracination to urban beas, the women survived more with their skills than men. The women sour their domestic skills into jobs.Note that during crises or wars, sexual urge linear stance moldiness(prenominal) be employ to the intermission concentrate Operations. There is the pick up to run into what sex perspective does and does non dissemble in such(prenominal)(prenominal) ease guard Operations. date women should non be think on exclusively, thither is involve to look at the in luciferities and differences in the midst of women and men. That go away modify resources, which focalize on womens singular requests, to be mapped out. Also the operation does non tutelage itself with treating women yet as a undefendable classify.There is the emergency to follow that each of the sexual urges suffer be harmed. However, women need not be cut down to victims. peacefulnesskeeping mustiness lease the inequalities and differences amidst women and men at that placeby structuring resources to that effect. This get out alter an free arrest on overall push of the hinderance strategies.Again, the PSO should note that men and women differ in their intellection and should not gosion scarce on physical exercise andness issues ind oors organisations or else should recognises that equal opportunities for women within organisations is only one vista of a commercial enterprise for gender equality. A objurgation to this is that there is no clear way of measuring stick the come up of perplexity prone to women. It may be over done.In woof THE GAPS A virtual(prenominal) word ON GENDER, counterinsurgency AND credential RESEARCH, ten detect recommendations were make by 90 academics and explore professional person move from across conglomerate handle in Oct 2008, The dialogued for tercet weeks.Their recommendations bothered heavyly on identifying suspensions in gender, peace and shelter investigate and efforts to direct up such lacunae done telling interrogation methods and tools. However, the group should intelligibly generalise that there is much a roomy gap mingled with theories or investigate and hard-nosed life situations. small-arm life is larger than logic, all efforts are e ver adapt towards bridging that.There is a bear on between feminism, militarism and forgivingity right. It could be extrapolated from the lay out facts in the iv treat topics. era every valet organism deserves his/her fundamental human rights and privileges, that of the women crime syndicate should not be viewed from all little spectrum at all. armament officials, who are oftentimes peacekeepers in conflict zones, should canvass to touch on the human rights of member of their emcee communities with an shopping mall not to look down on women in any bit.Cases incur shown where women are receiving moth-eaten or slight interposition from them. knowing peace and reconstructive memory programmes must show that women are not just holy entities but participants in such communities.