Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice - 1138 Words

Pride and Prejudice is a novel about the superficiality of marriage during the late 19th and early 20th century, which largely influenced the decisions made by individuals, based on connections and social rankings. The novel takes its characters through various changes influenced by their decision to or rather not to marry certain individuals. It begins not by a man desiring to marry for love, but by a mother who desires nothing more than to marry her daughters well. As the novel develops, Jane Austen presents the reader with various courtships and marriages which not only mock the idea of marrying for economic security, but instead propose that the only way to marry is through love. In Pride and Prejudice, the author Jane Austen utilizes†¦show more content†¦This in turn explain why Charlotte does not accept Mr. Collin’s proposal, she accepts it under economic pressure. However, she is succumbing to the social norms, falling into a cycle concerning social rankings. W hile a lot of the marriages took place a means for securing a future, they did not all develop the same. In the novel, marriage also demonstrated that committing to a lifetime with an individual does not always provide with the best fate, instead it might enclose someone in a pit of emptiness. After finding out the news about Lydia and Mr. Wickham s departure, Elizabeth could not help but question the situation. How could Mr. Wickham â€Å"marry a girl whom it was impossible he could marry for money† as well as how Lydia could ever grown â€Å"attached [to] him, had appeared incomprehensible† (Austin 218). Elizabeth is now aware of the truth about Mr. Wickham, meaning she knows that all of which he is looking for is a path into richness and success. Lydia was more than eager to marry a handsome man, however, he only viewed her as an opportunity to fortune. Additionally, after receiving Lydia’s letter, Elizabeth observed the result of their infatuation upon their marriage. Not only did they spend their time traveling fromâ€Å" place to place in quest of a cheap sit uation, and always spending more then they ought† but Mr. Wickham’s admirationâ€Å"for her soon sunk into indifference; hers lasted a littleShow MoreRelatedJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1231 Words   |  5 Pagesfinancial stability. In the novel Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen states that the desire for better social connections interferes with the workings of love through the relationship between Darcy and Elizabeth to criticize the social class structure of the 19th century. Anxieties about social connections or the desire for better social connections, interfere with the workings of love. Darcy and Elizabeth s realization of a mutual and tender love seems to imply that Jane Austen views love as something independentRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1294 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen s exceptional novel Pride and Prejudice has been depicted as a classic that is as much a social study on class, marriage and gender as it is a romantic tale. It is an amusing representation of the social atmosphere of the late eighteenth and mid nineteenth century England, and it is primarily required with courtship rituals of the English high class. The novel is more than a romantic tale, however through Austen s subtle, and ironic style, it addresses gender, class, and marriageRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice992 Words   |  4 Pages It is unfortunate that many people tend to dismiss Jane Austen’s novel, Pride and Prejudice, as simply a roman tic love story, even labeling it a â€Å"chick flick.† Upon a shallow reading, it may appear to be such, but a closer look at the novel reveals so much more embedded in the story. In addition to describing the entertaining relationship between Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy, the novel serves to forward Austen s personal values and ideas. Furthermore, there is one issue of her era that she particularlyRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1211 Words   |  5 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was greatly influenced by the time period in which it was written, This novel follows the story of Elizabeth Bennet and her sisters as they are faced with marriage proposals. The marriage and roles of women in this time period are shown throughout this story. During the time Austen was writing this novel, a woman’s role for her family changed. Daughters started to become a way for their family to achieve more money. Because their family depended on this financialRead M oreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1675 Words   |  7 PagesIn Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, she has specific criteria that her characters follow when choosing their mates. In today’s society, most couples still follow these criteria and more when choosing their ideal mate. What are these important criteria that Austen’s characters consider when choosing a mate? For Austen, the important criteria that she has for choosing a mate are that couples are personally compatible, they are in love with each other, and they must have a good moral character. Read MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1678 Words   |  7 PagesAfter reading Jane Austen’s most popular piece of work, the effects of the high societal expectations can be acknowledged through viewing the lives of the Bennet family and friends and noting such effects. Through the examination of the characters in Pride and Prejudice it is easily deciphered between marriages based upon true love and marriage based upon the expectations of society. Society’s main goal for woman in the Victorian era was marriage. As seen many in Pride and Prejudice, marriage wasRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1434 Words   |  6 PagesJane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice was considered a radical novel back in 1813 when she wrote and published the piece. It is a social commentary on the treatment and societal standards of women, as well marriage expectations at the turn of the 19th century. Austen criticizes the patriarchal society, materialism, double standards of men and women by centering the book around Elizabeth Bennett, a young woman of decent means who does not understand the reason for the pressure to find a suitable husbandRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1468 Words   |  6 Pagesestablished over time. In Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice Elizabeth Bennet is the main character who is a lady in the Regency Era. Elizabeth lives in Longbourn with her parents, Mr and Mrs Bennet and her four sisters. In the beginning of the novel, Elizabeth s prejudice mindset and strong opinion blinds her from realizations happening around her. Soon, Elizabeth s prejudice disappears allowing her to open up and fall in love. Throughout Jane Austen s novel, Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth growsRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1649 Words   |  7 PagesIn her novel, Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen is pre-occupied with the theme of marriage. Marriage is a central issue of a woman’s life but it was even more crucial for the women of her society where women were largely dependent on the men in their lives. As a result, women pursued socio-economic stability through marriage. However, it is clear through the novel that Austen did not agree with this part of her society. In Pride and Prejudice, she gives preference to a marriage which is based on loveRead MoreJane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1304 Words   |  6 Pages Introduction In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen portrays themes of love, class, reputation, and marriage. From the beginning it is seen that the question of marriage is very important to the Bennet family. Upon not marrying, the girls cousin Mr. Collins will inherit Longbourn due to the absence of a male heir. This means that the family will become destitute since they won t have any support or a place to live. The only solution for them would be marriage. During this era, since women

There is such a thing as universality of human rights that...

There is such a thing as universality of human rights that is different from cultural relativism, humanity comes before culture and traditions. People are humans first and belong to cultures second (Collaway, Harrelson-Stephens, 2007 p.109), this universality needs to take priority over any cultural views, and any state sovereignty over its residing citizens. Prior to WWII any concept of international human rights would not have been able to be Kept. State sovereignty was still the norm leaders around the globe followed when it came to international relations. Of course that all changed after the atrocities committed by the Nazi regime in the Holocaust were exposed to the global community. After what had happen to the Jewish population†¦show more content†¦Even prior to the crimes against humanity that were committed by the Nazis against the Jews, there had already been an alliance formed between them. Regardless of the reasons for the Unites States joining the war, the US did, and they formed alliances with other countries to bring down a growing powerful and radical dictatorship. One can argue that the fact that these nations joined forces is already showing that the interests of the world as a whole and the protection of human rights and progressiveness was more important here than the sovereignty of the German state over its own people. Throughout this essay, I emphasize the alliances and unions among countries that have occurred when violations and crimes against humanity have taken place. Both the alliances and the lack there of, as well as the choices other world leaders have taken to not get involved and more importantly how these choices have impacted the evolution and definition of human rights. The tribunals held after World War II to prosecute the Nazis for crimes against humanity led to the beginning of any formal recognition of human rights. In 1948 the UN general assembly unanimously adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights ( UDHR). This declaration still provides one of the most sweeping guarantees of human rights worldwide, it begins with the recognition that â€Å" the inherent dignity andShow MoreRelatedThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1728 Words   |  7 Pagessociety; culture is what binds people together and ties generations from one to the next. It is culture that separates one group of people from another, making them unique from each other and adding variety and beauty to the world. Many nations and peoples cite their traditions and culture as the bedrock of their society. They refer to traditional values as the moral fiber which holds their societies together. Culture is a good thing, when allowed to progress, but can be dangerous if followed blindlyRead MoreLanguage Ideologies933 Words   |  4 Pageslinguistic relativity hypothesis or linguistic relativism (Mignolo, 2000). Linguistic relativism shapes our social world and interactions with others. Anthropologists, for example, arg ue that languages transmit culture and important social values and rules. Mignolo suggests that the history of a people and the history of their language are closely intertwined (2000). If we accept this thinking, then we can view communication and linguistic relativism as social constructs. This means that languagesRead MoreThe New Negro, By Alain Locke1707 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout Alain Locke’s works â€Å"Values and Imperatives,† â€Å"Pluralism and Intellectual Democracy,† â€Å"Cultural Relativism and Ideological Peace,† â€Å"The New Negro,† and â€Å"Harlem,† I found there to be a number of reoccurring themes, such as absolutes, imperatives, values, and relativism and their place in pluralism. I am going to be focusing on all the aforementioned themes and showing how they are all intertwined into the principles of pluralism. What is an absolute? In â€Å"Values and Imperatives,† LockeRead MoreAre Human Rights Universal? Essay1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe doctrine of human rights were created to protect every single human regardless of race, gender, sex, nationality, sexual orientation and other differences. It is based on human dignity and the belief that no one has the right to take this away from another human being. The doctrine states that every ‘man’ has inalienable rights of equality, but is this true? Are human rights universal? Whether human rights are universal has been debated for decades. There have been individuals and even countriesRead MoreHow Different Cultures Have Different Moral Codes1351 Words   |  5 PagesCULTURAL RELATIVISM 1. HOW DIFFERENT CULTURES HAVE DIFFERENT MORAL CODES Ancient Persia was ruled by Darius who had interested in a number of cultures which he came across when he travelled. One apt example of this would be that he found that the Callatians that were a tribe of Indians were involved in consuming the bodies of their dead fathers as a custom. The Greeks on the other hand did not practice that. The Greeks had a practice of cremation and they had the belief that the funeral pyre wasRead MoreProblems with Cultural Relativism in Anthropology2167 Words   |  9 PagesCultural Relativism and Problems Associated with This Approach Cultural anthropology is the study of cultural variation among people. An essential concept that professional anthropologists apply in their fieldworks is - cultural relativism - an approach to study of the nature and role of values in a culture without judgment and comparison to their own. According to the Study Guide, Smillie and Kenny state that major contribution to the study of the concept of cultural relativism can be attributedRead MoreThe Universal Declaration Of Human Rights1396 Words   |  6 Pages The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, (UNDR) was adopted by the United Nations in 1948 with the intention off providing a moral standard for judging an individual state’s treatment of it’s citizens. Yet to this day a debate rages between scholars such as Jack Donnely and Michael Goodhart as to whether the principles expressed within the UNDR are not only universal but actully culturally relative. When drafting the UNDR, the term â€Å"universal† was meant to show that the declaration â€Å"wasRead MoreUtilitarianism And Utilitarianism887 Words   |  4 Pagesand Kantianism have different ways of determining what is ethically good or bad. Utilitarianism proposes that the morality of an action is dependent on the consequences. Furthermore, the effects of one’s actions that are considered in this case are not the neutral ones but those that yield positivity or negativity. Proponents of utilitarianism believe that the main aim of having morality in our society is to increase the amount of good things that people do. These good things have to generate someRead MoreThe Objective Basis of Morality Challenged1611 Words   |  7 Pagesphilosophies; yet there will still always be debatable elements. Two concepts of morality that are in direct opposition of each other are moral objectivism and moral relativism. Moral relativism can be subjective, in which morals are p articular an individuals own beliefs; or, they can be conventional, in which morals are specific to a society and vary from culture to culture. On the other hand, moral objectivism does not leave room for opinions; it reasons that moral judgments are either true or false absolutelyRead MoreMoral Relativism, By James Rachels1965 Words   |  8 Pagesmain points of moral relativism, where he describes the differences within cultures. Philosophers attempt to prove their theories to be true, but it can be complicated because if someone proves one premise false of your argument then the entire argument is invalid. There are different types of relativisms that favor moral relativism, such as, personal belief relativism, societal belief relativism, and then there is the cultural beliefs argument. All of these topics of relativism fall into the same

Advanced Programming in UNIX Environment - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Advanced Programming in UNIX Environment. Answer: Introduction The Mac OS X is an Apple product. It is an UNIX based graphical user interface operating Management system. The OS is basically designed for running on the Apples Macintosh computers . The Mac OS is the second most running OS in the whole world after the Windows product of the Microsoft company. The Mac OS was rebranded to the Mac OS X in the year 2012 by the Apple Inc. Company. This report provides a descriptive type of explanation of the Mac OS X. The report consists of a brief explanation of the product, the technical aspects of the product are also analyzed and in addition to this, the advantage and disadvantage of the product ae also described in the report. The technology on which the Mac OS are based were developed in the year 1985. The Apple Inc. took over the company in the year 1997 [2]. The Mac OS X has the UNIX compatibility. The company obtained the UNIX 03 certification to achieve the Intel version of the OS. This OS was known as the Snow leopard Mac OS X 10.5. The Mac version of the Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger is used for providing the facilities to the Apple TV and providing an efficient interface to the apple TV users. The Mac OS X series begin with the designing of the Mac OS X 10.7 Lion version [8]. The functional packages were available in the App store of the Apple Company. The Mac OS version of OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion was released in the year 2012. In the year 2013 the OS X 10.9 Maverick was released. This OS some of skeumorphic designs that were prevalent in the earlier versions of the OS were removed in the Mavericks version Management of the OS. The next version of the OS that was released had adopted similar kind of designs to the iOS 7 [9]. But with a greater level of complexity. It was named the Mac OS X 10.10 Yosemite. In the year 2015 the OS X 10.11 El Captain was released. This version of the operating system had an improved performance and an efficient user interface. The next step that the company took was the introduction of the 10.12 Sierra. This was the latest version of the OS that was released by the company in the year 2016. It had introduced various type of advanced features such as the introduction of AI known as Siri and also had an optimized storage. This OS had a greater efficiency in the integration of the Operating System with the Apple Watch and the Apple iPhones. Technical Details The core of the Mac OS is based on the core of a POSIX complaint operating system and has an XNU kernel [3]. The standard facilities that the UNIX operating system provides are available on this operating system. For obtaining the UNIX facilities the software uses the command line interface. In addition to this here is free version of the software named as Darwin that is a free and open source software. The Aqua interface and the Finder were equipped with this software and the GUI for the next version was completed so the Mac OS could be developed. The pre-emptive multitasking and the protection of the memory of the new software were also improved. This allows the Operating system to run multiple applications at the same time. In addition to this it occurred without the other processes being interrupted or corrupted due the process that is already running. Many features that were installed in the OS was derived from the OPENSTEP. It was a design so that designs would be portable and easily transferred from one platform to the other. The NESXTSTEP was transferred from the x68 based machines to the vx86 based machines. In addition to this, the default file system that is used by the system is HFS+ and it was inherited from the classical version of the Mac OS [4]. It runs on the Power PC and the big-endian 68k systems. But this had to perform the byte swap functions for the efficiency of the storage. Hence, the Apple File system was introduced for sorting these issues in the latest update of the systems. The Darwin subsystem that were prevalent in the Mac OS possessed the permissions layer in them. This system was criticized and hence the permission layer was removed in the later upgrades of the system. In addition to this Apple Company provides its own development tools for developing the software in the machines. They provided the Xcode systems within the operating systems. Compliers the Xcode interface provided the compilers that could compile the languages such as the C, C++ and Swift languages. In addition to this the Mac OS X have various technical feature. The Face Time is new feature that was introduced by the Operating system which allows the user to perform real time video chats with the fellow users [5]. In addition to this Siri AI is the most important feature thata was introduced by this system. IT also provides the Screen Sharing options in which the screen can be accessed by two separate processes at the same time. In addition to this other features such as the iChat, Airdrop and the Boot Camp features are also provided by this system. The new Mac OS X has several features that provide an advantage to the system over the other Management systems [6]: The Mac OS X provides free upgrades to its users once the system is purchase. The additional updates of the software are also provided free of cost to the users of the system. In addition to this, the Mac OS X provides an efficient interface in between the Apple Watch and the Apple iPhones. It is very easy for the users to switch in between the iOS and the OS X. In addition to this the Mac OS X allows the user to make phone calls from the machines. It is one of the latest feature that is installed into the software. In addition to the advantages there are few drawbacks to the system also [7]. The system requires a very high configuration for proper functioning. This incurs a hefty cost for the users. The software also pulls over deeper into the universe of the Apple corporations. Every element of the software is related to the Apple Company and its products. Hence, the OS is mainly business oriented. The extreme level of transparency that the Mac OS follows can also be very problematic for the users. The users have to [perform several steps of authorization for installations of additional features to the software. Conclusion For conclusion it can easily be said that the report has efficiently described the Development of the Mac OS X. There has been a description about the different versions of the Mac OS X and also some features about the development and the evolution of the Operating System has also been provided in the report. In addition to this, the advantages and the disadvantages of the Operating System have also been provided in the report. There have also been discussions about the drawbacks of the previous versions and also the steps that the Apple Company took to eradicate these drawbacks and develop the Mac OS X have been provided in the report. References Biswas, S., Bicket, J., Wong, E., Musaloiu-e, R., Bhartia, A. and Aguayo, D., 2015, August. Large-scale measurements of wireless network behavior. InACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review(Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 153-165). ACM. Criswell, J., Dautenhahn, N. and Adve, V., 2014, May. KCoFI: Complete control-flow integrity for commodity operating system kernels. InSecurity and Privacy (SP), 2014 IEEE Symposium on(pp. 292-307). IEEE. Criswell, J., Dautenhahn, N. and Adve, V., 2014. Virtual ghost: Protecting applications from hostile operating systems.ACM SIGPLAN Notices,49(4), pp.81-96. Dautenhahn, N., Kasampalis, T., Dietz, W., Criswell, J. and Adve, V., 2015. Nested kernel: An operating system architecture for intra-kernel privilege separation.ACM SIGPLAN Notices,50(4), pp.191-206. Linux, G.N.U. and Mac OS, X., 2014. Operating Systems.Software Package, Ver,10. Rajaram, M.L., Kougianos, E., Mohanty, S.P. and Choppali, U., 2016. Wireless sensor network simulation frameworks Management: A tutorial review: MATLAB/Simulink bests the rest.IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine,5(2), pp.63-69. Richard, G.G. and Case, A., 2014. In lieu of swap: Analyzing compressed RAM in Mac OS X and Linux.Digital Investigation,11, pp.S3-S12. Smirnov, A.V., 2015. FIRE5: a C++ implementation of Feynman Integral REduction.Computer Physics Communications,189, pp.182-191. Stevens, W.R. and Rago, S.A., 2013.Advanced programming in the UNIX environment. Addison-Wesley. Xing, L., Bai, X., Li, T., Wang, X., Chen, K., Liao, X., Hu, S.M. and Han, X., 2015, October. Cracking app isolation on apple: Unauthorized cross-app resource access on mac os. InProceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security(pp. 31-43). ACM.

Rules of the Game by Amy Tan an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

Rules of the Game by Amy Tan Amy Tan, author of the international best-seller novel, Joy Luck Club, continued to explore the relationships of Chinese women and their Chinese-American daughters through her various published books such as The Kitchen Gods Wife, The Hundred Secret Senses, The Bonesetters Daughter and her latest book titled, Rules of the Game. Need essay sample on "Rules of the Game by Amy Tan" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed College Students Frequently Tell EssayLab professionals: Who wants to write paper for me? Specialists suggest: Essaylab.Com Can Provide You With The Winning Academic Essay Essay Paper Writing Service Get Paid To Write Papers For Students Paper Writing Service Best Essay Writing Service Reviews The Rules of the Game book took off from Tans Joy Luck Club novel portrayed by one of the primary character, Waverly Jong. Nicknamed MeiMei by her family, Waverly narrated her childhood experiences and perspectives as she is time and again influenced by her Chinese and American upbringing, providing conflict to the story as she try to navigate both traditional Chinese culture and the divergent melding culture of Chinese Americans. When she was still young, Waverly was raised in a Chinese culture, surrounded by Chinese traditions and environment as her family live in San Franciscos Chinatown. Her mother, Mrs. Jong, prepared her in her journey towards adulthood through a valuable Chinese teaching called the art of invisible strength. This strategy can be used for winning arguments, gaining the respect of other people, and winning at a later date, which Waverly found out chess games. At age six, Waverly learned to play chess by initially learning the rules by her own and by continuously playing with an old man named Lau Po who taught her complex chess strategies with Chinese names like The Double Attack from the East and West Shores, Throwing Stones on a Drowning Man, The Sudden Meeting of the Clan, A Double Killing Without Blood, and many others. The girl continued to study and join chess tournaments such that at age nine, she is already considered a national chess champion. Waverly is just 429 points away from attaining the grand master status. As the story revolved around Waverlys chess games, the teachings of her mother continued to guide her in her path. Through the art of invisible strength, Waverly slowly found and developed her own inner strength and self-control. She was also taught that invisible strength may also represent female power and the power of foreigners as opposed to the local Americans where foreigners like the Chinese would have to learn the culture and live with it. The power of women as an invisible strength is depicted in this story through the girls journey towards unconventional paths of using her ability to persuade, to shape, control events and to win against male-dominated arenas such as chess games. This symbolism is shown through a magazine message by Bobby Fischer, a chess grandmaster, that there will never be a woman grandmaster. The power of foreigners were also shown here as the power to succeed in a land that is strangely different from what the girl and her family knew of. The conflict between two different cultures Chinese and American and the merging of the two for second-generation settlers (like Waverly) are narrated as little tidbits that add up as the girl grew up. Example of this is the picture-taking scene in front of Hong Sings restaurant where it is known that the live fish and turtles are doomed for cooking. Waverly and some of her friends were taken pictures by a Caucasian man as if they are strange people living in an exotic land. In Waverlys first chess tournament, she played against a fifteen-year old boy who wrinkled his nose at her to show that he was not impressed. Another is the definition of torture of Mrs. Jong as opposed to its American meaning. She doesnt really know what a Chinese torture is, but she knows that Chinese work hard, do business, medicine and paintings. She believes that Chinese people are not lazy as compared with Americans such that Chinese torture is the best torture indeed. The main conflict in the story revolved around Waverlys chess winnings and her mothers pride in her. She is slowly feeling embarrassed and a little angry with her mother for always telling people that she is her daughter who always won chess games. It came to a point when Waverly intentionally informed her mother not to use her so that she can show off to other people. This made her mother very angry with her that she was later ignored in the dinner table. Waverly did not understand her mothers pride of her achievements which also extends to her family. Her mothers influence and teachings to her is slowly readying the girl into a path that is full of rules and would need great strength from within. The girl is embarrassed by her mothers pride, which made her hurt her mother. On the other hand, her mother might have other motives for teaching Waverly nuggets of wisdom based on Chinese culture. Definitely, she would not want to lose her little girl to the American way of thinking; influences that are not fully encouraged in a Chinese traditional culture. The narration of the story was from the girls childhood perspective and did not refer to anything that would have happened when she is already an adult. It portrayed the various stages that the girl went through as she narrated that in the beginning, she was more influenced by her Chinese heritage. Later on, as she begun to play chess, she begun to change such that the merging of Chinese-American culture is slowly developing and gaining strength inside her; appreciating what both can do for her to be successful in life. The conflict in identity is one of the main themes of the story. The teaching of the art of invisible strength and the various scenes narrated along the way all gave insights into the complexities of being a hyphenated American and yet, connected by blood and bonds to another culture and country. Another major theme is the conflict between mothers and daughters, creating a powerful and moving story about irony, pain and sorrow, and the imperfect and many ways in which mothers and daughters love each other. Each of the primary characters tried to show their love for each other in their own ways and yet, surrounded by two cultures that sometimes bind and sometimes break, they each have to learn the ways on how to join each others aspirations and dreams and show true love against all odds. The title, Rules of the Game is aptly given when the themes and central ideas are assessed. The story forces Waverly to discover what game she is playing, how to play it masterfully, what are the rules that she must follow in order to succeed and achieve in her goals. This chess game is a metaphor for her struggle with her Chinese mother. Waverly is the primary actor winning chess games but her mother is also playing her greatest game, which is to win against Americans and to prove the superiority of Chinese people against them. In the final scene, Waverly was left alone to learn and discover what she should do next as she plotted her moves against her mother. The invisible strength that her mother taught her is already at play as she silently contemplated her next moves. Another concept that can be seen in the story is the concept of feminism. Just like the story of Mulan, the Rules of the Game showed that adolescents learn to deal with crises by experience and as a result, they grow and mature. Girls like Waverly and Mulan also learned their place as women in addition to dealing with male resentment that arises when they succeed in their chosen paths. Both characters have inner strengths that were slowly developed and nurtured by their surroundings and experiences. These strengths were harnessed and learned so as to be utilized fully when needed. Both girls were taught the art of invisible strength such that even when they are forced to conform to the societys expectations of them, there is self-control and inner strength that guides them to be non-conformists, enabling them to find their own paths towards self-attainment. Mulan fought like a man for her country and Waverly played chess and won numerous games in a male-dominated arena. Both acted outside of the box and both succeeded and learned. Waverly used her own strength, her mothers teachings, and her own ability to think quickly to defeat her opponents time and again. She has to learn to win against her chess opponents and against her mother who is slowly pressuring her to win more, lose less. The story somehow represented the confusion and bewilderment that first generation Americans felt; how they are finally forced to turn away from their parents customs and traditions, heritage and culture, and try to find their own paths and succeed amidst numerous challenges and battles. Amy Tan once again provided readers with a story that reaches across cultures and generation. Just like her Joy Luck Club novel, the Rules of the Game is clearly written and the lucidity of vision were presented in such a way that you appreciate each characters portrayal, understanding their motives and somehow emphatizing with them. The story inspires us to also have that art of invisible strength as each one of us plot our lives and strive to attain our visions and goals in life. References: Amy Tan: Best Selling Author of the Joy Luck Club A New York Times Bestseller. English 111: Amy Tan, Rules of the Game. Hooks, Amy. How to be a Girl: Problems with Feminism in Rules of the Game and Mulan. (2002). Summaries and Commentaries: Waverly Jong Rules of the Game.

Private Equity Firms

Private Equity Firms What is the private equity firm? A Private equity firm can be defined as a company that invest huge amounts of capital known as the private equity fund in the stakes of a private firms. In other words, private equity firms invest in classified equities of working companies through application of various investment strategies. From the definition, private equity means capital that is not traded in the stock exchange markets (Bruining et al. 593).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Private Equity Firms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In most cases, private equity firms raise private equity capital from institutional investors and devote the capital in public firms that face delisting from the stock exchange through buyouts. Private equity capital is normally used in the expansion of working capital of the acquired firm, make acquisitions, finance research and development as well as new technologies. In addition, the private equity capital can be invested in strengthening the balance sheet of an acquired company. As indicated, private equity firms are often institutional and recognized investors committed to long-term returns on investments. Since private equity firms invest in companies that are almost collapsing, they often require longer periods for the acquired firms to turn around in order to start earning back investments. In most cases, private equity firms normally apply venture capital, leveraged buyouts as well as capital growth as the investment tactics (Bruining et al. 595). Leveraged buyouts are the situations where private equity firms invest in a nearly collapsing public firm risking delisting from the stock exchange market. Leveraged buyouts involve purchasing huge debts of the firm with the hope of reselling once financial conditions have improved. The injected funds are used to improve financial statements as well as prospects of the firm. Essentially, Private equity firms are perceived as the sponsoring companies since they provide funds for investments. In other words, private equity firms support other companies through the provision of financial assistances. In most cases, private equity firms normally raise funds, which they invest in private equities depending on the applied investment strategy. How and when did private equity firms first started? Prehistory of private equity firms Investments in private companies can be traced back to the beginning of industrial revolution when investors were involved in private acquisitions and mergers.Merchant bankers in the financial industry were often involved in making small investments on privately held companies. In addition, financial institutions were acquiring other firms particularly in the mining industry as well as other profitable firms in public sectors (Chemmanur et al. 4039).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first pap er with 15% OFF Learn More Such acquisitions were equated to the current industrial buyouts where private equity firms buy large public corporations that are nearly collapsing. In fact, the buyouts and acquisitions continued throughout the first half of the 20th Century before the development of the current venture capital. In addition, the first half of the 20th Century was characterized by legal limitations on banks and other financial institutions that constrained the transactions involving private acquisitions (Chemmanur et al. 4039). Moreover, such regulations restricted the flow of capital from the merchant banks to the private firms. In fact, the private equity firms started to come into existence after the denunciations of financial regulations that put limitations on the flow of capital. Besides, the lifting of the regulations also led to the emergence of venture capital. Venture capital provided funds as well as other factors that contributed to the growth of private equity firms particularly after the Second World War. The emergence of private equity firms Private equity firms emerged in 1940s when the development and growth of venture capital and leveraged buyouts were at the peak. In fact, the venture capital and leveraged buyouts were considered part of the private equity firms. Davila, Foster and Gupta argue that the growth and development of venture capital and leveraged buyouts also led to the development of private equity firms 691. The venture capital provided funds that were greatly required at the time for the development of private equity firms. In addition, leveraged buyouts were part of the capital markets where institutional investors used to participate in the establishments of private equity firms. Even though venture capital and leveraged buyouts grew and developed in analogous and unrelated paths, they offered suitable market for the establishment of the private equity firms (Bruining et al. 595). Private equity ind ustry developed particularly in 1946. The established and well-structured venture capital market during the time led to the development of private equity firms. The venture capital provided the much needed funds as well as technical expertise in the management of private equity firms (Bruining et al. 595). The establishment of venture capital brought to an end the shortage of funds that was required for the development of private equity firms.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Private Equity Firms specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As indicated, the widespread of equity firms particularly after the Second World War was due to organized private equity market. However, during the period, the equity market was still underdeveloped resulting into the shortage of sources of long-term financing for private equity firms. Due to this inadequacy, the private sector took the opportunity to develop new markets for private equity firms. The markets offered cheap and long-term sources of capital for existing and newly established firms (Bruining et al. 595). In addition, the new sources of funds established novel grounds for the startup of new equity firms. Essentially, developments of the equity markets that provided long-term and cheap funds resulted in mushrooming of new equity firms. In addition, the private sector was responding to an economy that had increased funds particularly from the released wealthy military inductees. In fact, there was need for large firms to absorb such capital. In order to come up with such firms, a private sector that would attract large institutions was required. During this time, technical and managerial skills to manage the funds were also inadequate (Chemmanur et al. 4039). The American Research and Development Corporation (ARDC) was established in 1946 to research on equity firms and their markets as well as to provide adequate advice on ways through which such fi rms could be developed. In addition, the ARDC was also tasked with the responsibility of raising funds for investments in equities. Moreover, ARDC was to provide training on the private equity management skills needed for the success of private equity firms. ARDC was majorly formed to boost private equity investments and became the first institution to raise capital and invest in equity. In addition, ARDC took advantage of floating funds from wealthy individuals. The corporation tapped the floating funds and invested in other areas including mergers and acquisitions that were equally profitable. Besides, ARDC invested in venture capital and was credited as the architecture of the current ventures capital (Chemmanur et al. 4039). The growth and development of private equity firms from 1946-1980 The growth and development of private equity firms were at a slow progress in the first 36 years since the establishment of private equity firms. In fact, small volumes of private investments, undeveloped private firms’ management as well as unpopularity of private equity firms marked the period (Chemmanur et al. 4039). The smaller volumes in the private equity investments were due to lack of awareness among the institutional investors.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, institutional investors in the early 1960s and 70s were not aware of the presence of private equity firms. Essentially, most of the institutional investors lacked adequate information concerning the operations of private equity firms. In addition, scarce skills and capital required for the success of private equity firms lacked (Chemmanur et al. 4039). What are the main functions of private equity firms in the economy? Attracting investment funds Like most large firms in the economy, private equity firms have greater roles to play in the economy. Private equity activities normally began by successfully attracting investable funds. In other words, the major function of private equity firm is to attract funds that can easily be invested in the economy (Achraya et al. 368). Offering alternative investment opportunities to the investors Private equity firms offer alternative investment prospects particularly where some sectors of the economy perform poorly. Moreover, while attr acting investable funds, the private equity firms provide ways through which investors can allocate part of their investments in comparatively complicated, long-term investments. Probably, sectors where investors can apportion their finances for enduring repayment range from pension funds to sovereign wealth funds. In these areas, individual investors are assured of their long-term benefits through appropriate management practices that private equity firms offer. Investments in small, medium and large enterprises Private equity firms offer capital to firms of various sizes within the economy. In addition, private equity firms offer funds to all companies in different stages of their life cycle. In fact, firms that are in infant stages can easily get soft loans in private equity firms. Additionally, Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) can also seek expansion capital from equity markets. Most importantly private equity firms normally fund firms that are just about to be liquidated. Be sides funding, such firms are also provided with managerial skills as well as other incentives that would enable their continuity. Moreover, family businesses that need succession arrangement also seek assistance from private equity firms (George et al 215). Private equity firms provide managerial functions One of the major functions of private equity firms is the provision of managerial expertise. Industries in which private equity firms invest have increased benefits from the function. In fact, firms that are managed by private equity companies normally benefit from improved information arrangement as well as enhanced business control capacities. In addition, private equity firms have the capability of introducing performance-based incentives aimed at enhancing performance of the invested companies. Further, private equity firms management tends to have increased control of novel management approaches and provides extensive value added post-investment support. Increased capital in vestments The attraction of investments funds into the economy leads to increased investable funds into the economy. The private equity firms have the capability of attracting investable funds, which increase capital that can be used by other businesses from various sectors of the economy. Statistics indicate that private equity firms have attracted over $250 billion for investment capital in the last financial year (George et al 215). In market-based economy such as US, the private sector is perceived to be the major driver of economic growth. As such, private equity firms play critical roles in attracting and increasing capital for investment in the private sector. Therefore, private equity firms fuel economic intensification through the provision of investment funds. In addition, private equity firms facilitate increased private sector investments thereby inspiring economic growth New business creation and sustainable investments The funds invested by the private equity firms res ult in the creation of new businesses, which in turn lead to the generation of new jobs. In addition, private equity firms invest in businesses that are almost being bankrupt thereby ensuring their long-term sustainability. Such firms are critical for the growth of the economy (Cressy et al. 661). Besides, sustaining the firms also mean maintaining the existing jobs as well as increasing the prospect of creating novel employment. Essentially, private equity firms promote the creation of new business through the provision of capital and management advice. In addition, through maintaining the existing firms, private equity firms contribute to the preservation of employment opportunities. Besides sustenance and creation of businesses as well as jobs, private equity firms are also a source of positive externalities. Positive externalities are benefits enjoyed by the third parties. In fact, increasing the knowledge base particularly in management and entrepreneurship increases multiple b enefits that can only be described as positive externalities. Improved management methods Private equity firms have the capability of improving the managerial skills of various companies in which they have invested. In fact, the private equity management often has constructive influences on the performance procedures in terms of profitability and growth on firms in which they have invested (Chemmanur et al. 4040). In addition, private equity firms have the capability of ensuring that firms that are collapsing are provided with financial and management impetus in order to enhance their productivity. Through such measures, private equity firms ensure the survivability of firms across various sectors in the economy. Besides, firms having succession planning challenges often seek assistance from private equity firms. Private equity firms provide appropriate advice on succession arrangement, which ensures long-term sustainability and growth. Greater innovation Private equity firms foster innovation through various activity outcomes in the economy. In fact, through the provision of improved managerial skills, firms become innovative and entrepreneurial. One of the ways through which innovation can be enhanced is through investments in research and development. Putting funds on development of new products enhances the innovative culture within the firm. Private equity firms not only fund research and development on new products and services but also other operation processes undertaken within the firm. Moreover, private equity firms invest in start-up firms that tend to be innovative. Increased productivity Private equity firms improve the productivity of businesses through various activities. In fact, there is a direct relationship between increased productivity and economic growth. Increased productivity results from efficient production as well as use of resources (Bruining et al. 601). Essentially, private equity firms promote measures that aid in the efficient p roduction and use of resources. The private equity firms provide improved management as well as advice on better resources utilization. One of the ways in which firms can improve their efficiency is through appropriate training on management. Acquiring better management skills particularly in efficient use of resources is one of the ways through which organizations improve their productivity, which translate into general economic growth. In addition, capital accumulation is encouraged through investments made on the fixed assets such as factories, housing units and production equipments. Private equity firms have large pools of capital that can be invested in such fixed assets. Such investments in fixed capital increase labor productivity. The provision of capital for investments in physical capital contributes hugely to the economic growth. Further, by supporting the formation of new businesses, increased employment opportunities are created. Substantial growth in the economy can o nly be realized when firms are capable of sustaining the creation of new employment opportunities. Enhanced competitiveness Firms with enhanced productivity have increased chances of being competitive at all levels in the market. The reason is that profits earned can be re-invested in other areas that provide the firm with increased competitive advantage. Besides, increased productivity contributes to economic competitiveness when it results in the amplification of firms’ competitiveness both at the local and global markets. Increased economic competitiveness ensures enlarged economic expansion. Essentially, private equity firms contribute to increased economic competitiveness through enhanced productivity. Besides, increased economic growth is directly associated with trade exports. Private equity firms encourage economic growth in a number of ways. First, private equity firms support export-oriented companies. Additionally, private equity firms augment the capability of exp ort-oriented companies to develop into worldwide markets. How do private equity firms operate and make profit? Private equity firms invest in classified equities of working firms through the application of various investment strategies. Actually, investment approaches of private equity firms encompass venture capital, leveraged buyouts and capital growth. Private equity firms are perceived as sponsoring companies since they provide funds for investments. In other words, private equity firms support other companies through the provision of financial assistances. In most cases, private equity firms normally raise funds, which they invest in private equities depending on the applied investment strategy. Essentially, private equity firms normally raise investment funds commonly referred to as the private equity capital from various financial institutions particularly pension funds and insurance companies to finance and sponsor investments. A fee is charged on every investment made. The fees charged together with prearranged share of profit are the earnings of private equity firms on the investments made. In other words, private equity firms get carried interests on every private equity fund put in investments. In most cases, private equity firms get hold of considerable minority position in some of the firms they have invested. Once the sizeable marginal position has been accomplished, private equity firms optimize the expected outcome of the invested capital. Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) are significant methods through which investment returns are conveyed back to the owner. Besides, private equity firms get returns on their investments when the firms they manage are sold through mergers and acquisitions. Recapitalizations are also applied in order to realize the gains though at minimal occasions. In the initial public offerings, shares of the firm are offered to be bought by the public through the capital markets particularly at various stock exchanges. The p ublic offering provides fractional and instantaneous realization of returns to the private equity firm, which is normally the sponsor. In addition, IPOs offer the private equity firms with markets in which they will later sell its shares. Through mergers and acquisitions, the firms being managed are sold out or merged with performing firms. Private equity firms realize the returns from sales proceeds. In the case of a merger, private equity firms have shares of profits made by the new firms that result from the mergers. One major characteristic of private equity firms is that they make long-term investments in less liquid assets and have direct influence on the operations of firms. In addition, private equity firms take charge of the firms’ operations in order to supervise any potential risks and accomplish the required development through long-term investments. What are some of the advantages of private equity firms in terms of disclosure and accounting regulations over othe r publicly-traded firms? Private equity firms operate like private companies. Therefore, private equity firms gain from the accruing benefits because of less restricted financial reporting and legal requirement. In other words, private equity firms are not exposed to stringent financial reporting and legal regulations. The less reporting requirement procedures have increased benefit to private equity firms. The benefits range from increased control of the decisions made to elimination of double taxation on their shareholders. Greater control of the firm’s decisions With reduced reporting requirements and substantially decreased pressures from shareholders and markets, private equity firms have increased flexibility in terms of operations. As such, private equity firms focus attention towards achieving long-term growth instead of quarterly earnings that are part of the financial reporting requirements in other publicly traded firms. In addition, due to reduced shareholders exp ectations and approvals, private equity firms have the capability of making decisions and taking action without the approval of the shareholders. Increased benefits from Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) exemptions The private equity firms are exempted from some of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filling requirements as well as other post-offering duties. In fact, private equity firms are exempted from some of the federal financial security regulations and obligations such as reporting on the shareholders’ discussions, investors’ conferences as well as research analysts’ discussions. Such regulations have been found to be costly, consuming much of the firms’ time and have negative effects on productivity. In fact, most public firms argue that the effects of SEC regulations on the productivity of the firms are unpredictable. The stringent disclosure requirements of SEC such as filling annual and quarterly reports are generally additiona l accounting and legal expenses. Therefore, exemptions from SEC regulations have drastically reduced accounting and legal costs for the private equity firms. Private equity firms reduces the cost of going public Private equity firms normally reduce various regulatory costs associated with going public. In fact, private firms going public usually go through a range of processes including restructuring as well as implementation of new accounting regulations and procedures. The restructuring process is designed to avoid possible issues that may come about due to SEC filing requirements. The restructuring process normally involves reforming the structure of the organization and capital, bookkeeping procedures and practices, material convention, equity participation policies as well as the employment conformities. In addition, detailed disclosure documents must also be prepared for the new investors. All the requirements are costly in terms of finance and time. Private equity firms spons oring public offerings are normally exempted from the detailed SEC requirements thereby reducing the costs of going public. Reduced chances of disclosing sensitive information Private equity firms are not required to disclose details of their operations. As such, the chances of revealing sensitive information that can be used by the competitors are reduced. In fact, non-disclosure of the operations and financial outlook of private equity firms are added competitive advantage over other publicly traded firms. Competitors can use the information to point on the weaknesses, which can be used to reduce the firms’ reputations as well as erode the clients and shareholders confidence particularly during the financial turmoil. Free from shareholders activism In most cases, regulations require that the financial institutions as well as hedge funds buy over 50% stake in any public firm. Buying over 50% stake mean that the financial institutions can gain control over the operations of t he business. As such, the majority shareholder can influence the sales as well as any considerable restructuring. In fact, public firms that have been taken over by these financial institutions and hedge funds risk losing their entire stake. Since the requirement does not apply to private equity firm, they normally gain minority stake on firms they have invested. In fact, the firms do not risk losing their stakes to the private equity firms. However, private equity firms gain executive control in order to manage potential risks and realize long-term growth and development of the firm. Is private equity firm the same as the private equity fund? Private equity firms and private equity funds are normally being confused to mean the same thing. In fact, private equity firm and private equity fund have been used interchangeably in most of the scholarly articles. However, the two terms are different. Essentially, private equity firms are companies that make long-term investments on both pr ivate and public corporations through the application of various strategies (Cressy et al. 649). Researches indicate that private equity firms commonly apply investment approaches that range from venture capital to capital accumulation. On the other hand, private equity funds are finances that private equity firms invest on other companies. Besides, private equity funds are a pool of capital that private equity firms collect from institutional and retail investors in order to put in long-term investments through the application of various investments approaches. The private equity funds earn profits or interests for the private equity firms. In other words, private equity firms earn a carried interest on every private equity fund that is put in investments (Cressy et al. 649). What are some of the well-known private equity firms and where are they located Consistent with most current rankings of private equity firms, the most popular and largest equity firms range from the Carlyle g roup to Bain Capital. The leading firms often make large purchases in form of buyouts. In other words, well known private equity firms invest directly on the companies instead of trading in private equity asset category. According to the current categorization, the well-known private equity firms include the Carlyle group, which is situated in Washington DC, Kohlberg Kravis Roberts based in New York as well as Goldman Sachs Principal Investments Group that is also based in New York. Also in the top position in terms of trading volumes include Blackstone Group headquartered in New York, TPJ Capital, which is based on both Texas and California and Bain Capital based in Boston, Massachusetts. Achraya, Viral, Olivier Gottschalg, Moritz Hahn and Conor Kehoe. â€Å"Corporate Governance and Value Creation: Evidence from Private Equity.† Review of Financial Studies, 26.2 (2013), 368–402. Print. Bruining, Hans, Ernst Verwaal and Mike Wright. â€Å"Private equity and entrepren eurial management in management buy-outs.† Small Business Economics, 40.3 (2013), 591–605. Print. Chemmanur, Thomas, Karthik Krishnan and Debarshi Nandy. â€Å"How Does Venture Capital Financing Improve Efficiency in Private Firms? A Look Beneath the Surface.† Review of Financial Studies, 24.12 (2011), 4037–4090. Print. Cressy, Robert, Federico Munari and Alessandro Malipiero. â€Å"Playing to their strengths? Evidence that specialization in the private equity industry confers competitive advantage.† Journal of Corporate Finance, 13.4 (2007), 647–669. Print. Davila, Antonio, George Foster and Mahendra Gupta. â€Å"Venture capital financing and the growth of startup firms.† Journal of Business Venturing, 18.6 (2003), 689–708. Print. George, Gerard, Jonathan Wiklund and Shaker Zahra. â€Å"Ownership and the Internationalization of Small Firms.† Journal of Management, 31.2 (2005), 210–233. Print.

Save Me the Waltz (1932) by Zelda Fitzgerald

Save Me the Waltz (1932) by Zelda Fitzgerald Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald was the troubled wife of F. Scott Fitzgerald, one of the most famous American writers of all-time.  Save Me the Waltz  is her first and only novel, one which is largely autobiographical and which  covers  approximately the same time period as her husband’s masterpiece,  Tender is the Night (1934). Both books fictionalize the couples life in Paris together, but each from their own perspective.   While  Tender is the Night  deals with F. Scott’s attempt at handling his wife’s eccentric nature and ultimate mental breakdown,  Save Me the Waltz  is much more about Zelda’s hopes and dreams and her sense of being overshadowed in most regards by her husband’s great success.  Zelda Fitzgerald was considered to be one of the first American â€Å"Flappers† – a glamorous and materialistic woman whose greatest hope was to become a prima ballerina, though she only pursued dance late in life. The story itself is interesting in that it reveals Zelda’s perspective on F. Scott as well as her interpretation of that great American time period known as â€Å"The Roaring ‘20s.† The majority of the characters, aside from Alabama (Zelda), David (F. Scott) and Bonnie (their daughter) are relatively flat and, at times, even incongruous (characters’ names spelled in different fashions, eye colors changing, etc.).  What Fitzgerald does well, though, is to create characters  in relation to  Alabama.  The dance instructors and love interests, for example, all come to life quite unexpectedly because of the way they interact with Alabama.  The relationship between David and Alabama is drawn extraordinarily well and, in fact, is reminiscent of the lovers’ relationship in Ernest Hemingway’s   (1946, 1986). Theirs is a tortuously romantic bond, hopeless and beautiful at the same time.  It makes sense that this would be the most aptly developed relationship, considering it is at the core of the story (and the primary impetus for Zelda’s writing the story in the first place). Little Bonnie’s character is also quite charming and her relationship with her Dad is lovely, particularly near the end.   This book has been both praised and derided for its prose and style. The structure is sound and relatively traditional; however, the prose and language are quite odd. At times, it seems to read like a less sexual, female version of William S. Burroughs; the narrative breaks into vivid streams of consciousness, where one has to wonder if passages were written in a fury of rage. While these moments are sometimes over-the-top, even inexplicable or irrelevant, they are also quite beautiful.  There’s a bizarre honesty to the breaks in tempo and the seemingly random items which Fitzgerald chooses to romanticize through language.  Some readers are bound to be enamored by this style, but others might find the self-indulgent moments both distracting and exasperating. When Zelda Fitzgerald originally wrote this book, it was much more accusatory and biographical than the version which was ultimately published.  Her husband believed that she had created the book in a fit of self-destruction, hoping to destroy her (and his) reputations. F. Scott Fitzgerald and their editor, Max Perkins, â€Å"assisted† Zelda with revisions.  Although historical evidence (letters, manuscripts, etc.) seem to prove that their part in the revision process was limited and mostly geared toward making elements and characters who were modeled after real-life  events and  individuals more obscure, Zelda would later accuse her husband of forcing her to change the book entirely and also allege that he stole her original manuscript to write his own (Tender is the Night).   Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this book, then, is in its history and historical significance.  Much can be learned about the Fitzgerald’s relationship and personalities not only by reading the story, but also in researching the history and creation of the book itself, as well as her husbands  similarly-themed novel.

Climate change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Climate change - Essay Example Climate change The claim that global warming is real centers primarily on speculative theories rather than facts. This is primarily because perpetuators of the global warming hoax base their theories on contrived data, as well as unconfirmed predictions. The evidence provided to prove the reality of global warming is, however, discovered and presented through politically corrupted processes, as well as report conclusions that are driven by corrupted agenda rendered by alleged authoritative institutions such as the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The originator of the global warming hoax was James Hansen who was the director of the Goddard Institute for Space Studies and a member of NASA (Inhofe 154). Hansen presented his testimony on global warming to the US Senate in 1988, thereby starting a series of false testimonies regarding global warming. The hoax was later exaggerated by mainstream media and reports released by organizations such as IPCC in 1990, 1996 and th e year 2001. Both environmentalists and weathermen increasingly make claims regarding global warming and climate change, for which they do not provide any evidence, and in some instances, such evidence is, without a doubt, fabricated. For instance, in 1996, the IPCC released a report that used selective data and manufactured graphs to enhance the view that climate change was a reality. The report also encompassed textual alterations made after scientists approved the final report before it was printed. Another prominent instance of fraud regarding the issue of global warming was the evidence provided in the publication of e-mail files recovered from the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia in Britain (Sussman 195). Reprehensible exchanges among leading researchers who stirred up the hysteria surrounding global warming also confirm ancient and largely suspected manipulations of data relating to climate. These exchanges also prove conspiracies aimed at falsifying and withholding information and suppressing conflicting findings in scholarly and peer-reviewed articles. They also provide evidence regarding the exaggeration of the presence of threats of man-made actions that cause climatic changes. A vast majority of these individuals exert immense influence over report findings issued by institutions such as the IPCC. The hoax regarding global warming is perpetuated by the attempts by progressive persons to exert control over the world’s energy industry. The reality is that nothing has changed in the global climate, which can be attributed to human activities that cause carbon dioxide emissions. The hoax continues to threaten the economy while also advancing the agenda of institutions such as the UN in many ways. The reality is that carbon dioxide is quite beneficial as a trace gas, which exists in such minute amounts within the atmosphere, that the notion that it plays a substantive role in influencing the climate is highly nonfactual. Car bon dioxide makes up less than 0.1 percent of the atmosphere. On the other hand, only 4 percent of carbon dioxide emanates from human

Public relations (report) More info in the attachment Essay

Public relations (report) More info in the attachment - Essay Example The role of the proposed PR department would be more than merely creating images, and more than â€Å"just learning the labels that identify the parts of the disciplines within arts†. The department can be set the vision of transforming a passive consumption of art into a more engaging activity for the general public. This need not only apply to esoteric and exclusivist art forms identified as such. Even quotidian encounters with popular cultural artefacts can be illuminated through knowledge of the history and aesthetics behind dominant art forms. (Blewett, 2004) The Public Relations department will strive to replicate the successes met by similar institutions in the USA and Britain. A notable example is the formation of West End Community Council in 1965, which â€Å"sponsored a series of arts festivals as a way to bring whites and blacks together in a creative and social atmosphere. Likewise, in 1966 a group of young black artists, frustrated with their inability to crack into the local gallery scene, invited white and Asian American friends to help them start their own, calling it the Louisville Art Workshop.† (K'Meyer, 2001) The envisioned PR department can be an instrument of social integration and progress in the Australian context, by conceiving, promoting and organizing similar arts campaigns in the state. The applicability of American examples emerge from Australia’s own history of Aboriginal disenfranchisement and other forms of racial prejudice. (K'Meyer, 2001) The effectiveness of the Arts Council in the UK is in significant measure related to the well-thought out, aptly targeted public relations campaigns that it executed. (Sheehy, 2002) The proposed PR department will take the lead from the Arts Council and project cinema as a legitimate art form, as opposed to its current status as a means to entertainment. A sizeable portion of the PR department’s budget will be devoted to developing a strong patronage for cinema, es pecially of the art-house and independent streams, as it is here that critical engagement with public issues tend to occur. This way, it would align with the broader objectives of the State Government Department of Youth Arts. The PR department will act as a liaison between the government and the youth in the state by also promoting contemporary/emerging art forms. In this era of rapid technological advancement, fields like Web Design have evolved their own unique craftsmanship and aesthetics. The Web Design is a key part of the IT industry and employs thousands of youth – â€Å"non-tech businesses will always have a need for talented graphic artists†. ("The Arts Communications, 2002) Thus, integrating this field into the youth arts ambit will fulfil a key goal of the Australian state and national governments, namely that of job creation. For example, â€Å"companies are looking for creative people who understand a visual medium and are capable of keeping eyes glued t o the screen with dazzling graphics and good design. Many companies are eager to hire qualified people with art, art history, and design backgrounds.† (The Arts Communications, 2002) The added advantage here is the consolidation of commercial opportunity with the growth of arts. The proposed PR department will play a vital role in communicating this message to all

Presidential nomination Essay Example for Free

Presidential nomination Essay My first reaction to this paper was that I wanted to know more. The fact that Fremont rose to national prominence even though his mother was not married to his father seems unusual for the time period and as though it offers hope to others who come from single-parent families. I also liked that he was kicked out of finishing school and went on to explore the West and run for President of the United States. Though he did not win, it again shows that the American dream—that anyone can grow up to be leader of the free world—was alive and well. The explorations that Fremont conducted added greatly to the growth of the nation and I find it intriguing that he was a Southerner who opposed slavery and ran against Lincoln for the presidential nomination. It makes it interesting to contemplate how the country might have been changed if Fremont had defeat Lincoln to become the Republican nominee for president. I wonder if having a Southerner in the White House might have prevent the South from seceding. This was an interesting look at the way one man can help to change the course of history and helped give a better view on how the people alive during the westward expansion and the Civil War were all intertwined.

Romanticism Essay -- Essays Papers

Romanticism The start of the Romantic Age coincided with the start of the French Revolution in 1789. It ends in 1837. Just as the revolution was changing the social order, the romantic poets were taking literature in a whole new direction. The mechanical reason that pervaded the work of the previous era was replaced by strong emotions and a return to nature. Animals and respect for nature were frequently used subjects in works of his period. The first generation of poets included William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Sir Walter Scott. Their primary contribution to literature was with their lyrical ballads. They used the typical romantic themes of respect for nature and all of its creatures. Wordsworth is above all the poet of the remembrance of things past, or as he himself put it, of â€Å"emotion recollected in tranquility.† Some object or event in the present triggers a sudden renewal of feelings he had experienced in youth; the result is a poem exhibiting the sharp discrepa ncy between what Wordsworth called â€Å"two consciousness.† The poem â€Å"Michael† is founded on the actual misfortunes of a family at Grasmere. In this poem, Wordsworth describes about a relationship of father, named Michael, and a son, named Luke. Michael is a shepherd in Grasmere valley. He is married to a woman, named Isabel. She is a housewife, who makes wool and rope to pass her time. They have a child, named Luke. Michael takes his son with him, so he can help him out with his work. Michael ...

Your Move

In Eve Bunting Your move the main character is James he is mischief. James makes bad decisions, , he is lonely, and wants to fits in. James does not have that much friends. He tries to get some friends by doing bad things and he brings his brother along while he is doing that. James makes bad decisions because he brings his brother over when he is trying to get into the group. In the story when he climbed up the ladder and came down his brother was crying because he was afraid that he would fall down. He also did not tell anyone he was going out. He also brought him when there was a gun. His brother was scared he was being dragged on his knees. He say † you're dragging me too fast. Then when they go out of sight they stop and he kneels down to see if his brother was ok and he was bleeding. James basically had to carry him home. James does not have a lot of friends because he stays home with his brother a lot. He seems like he stay home a lot with his brother playing games. He also vandalizes to get friends. That means he is very desperate to have friends. He also has to take care of his brother. His neighbor has to take care of him and he has to thump on the wall. In the story when he was going to be in the group he had to bring his brother.James wants to fit in because he wants to have friends. In the story they told him to go up that tall highway sign and he did it. He did it because he wanted to be cool and have more friends. He was scared but he had to do it because they told him to do it so they would become their friend. He told no one that he was going out to meet with them. He also bring his brother with him. In conclusion james is mischief because he makes bad decisions, he is lonely, and he wants to fit in. He makes bad decisions because he brings his brother to the meet. In the story he did not tell anyone that he was going out with his brother. He does not have a lot of friends because in the story every night he has to take care of his brother when his mom is out. Evidence is that he was that he was vandalizing to have friends. He wants to fit in because he wants to have friends. He vandalized to get friends. This is why james is mischief

Problems of bringing up children

The problem of bringing up children has always existed In every human community; it will exist as long as there are children: for mankind it is eternal. While bringing up children, parents, teachers, trainers, educators, mentors, tutors, grandparents, uncles, aunts, elder brothers and sisters, camp counsellors, nannies, headteachers and other school authorities, governesses, nurses, coaches, supervisors, etc. usually face a lot of problems, such as misbehaviour, disobedience, com/early-childhood-four-types-of-aggression/">aggression, rudeness, disrespect, naughtiness, deceit, arrogance, Impudence, mpertinence and dishonesty.When grown-ups fail to cope with these problems successfully, they usually label children â€Å"difficult†. Often It Is the result of their own wrong, Improper behaviour or Ill, inadequate treatment of children. It is generally acknowledged that children tend to copy grown-ups. And if a grown-up is rude, irritable, impatient, intolerant, aggressive, shouts all the time, etc. a child Is most likely to be the same. For an III- mannered grown-up can hardly expect a child to have good manners with his or her own example constantly in sight.Anne Shirley*, for example, Is rude and disrespectful with Marilla's neighbour and friend, but it is partly the ladys own fault. She was inconsiderate enough to call the girl's red hair â€Å"carrots†, which humiliated Anne greatly. So if you want a child to be polite and respectful to you, you should also respect his or her feelings. Children are often accused of lying. They are apt to lie, that's true. But sometimes children are pushed into lying by adults themselves. Children want to come up to their expectations. to please them. ot to disappoint them, or they may simply be afraid to ell the truth: lest they should be scolded, told off, reprimanded, rebuked, reproached, punished in one way or another (get a beating, be deprived of something they like, etc. ). † Adults may also expect chi ldren to be evil, wicked, naughty and disobedient, capable of doing only harm and damage, committing misdeeds, sometimes overlooking their own faults and shortcomings. When Marilla, for example, falls to find her brooch, the first thing that comes to her mind Is that Anne Shirley has stolen it.It doesnt strike her that she could have lost it, put it in a ifferent place, or somebody else could have taken it. She blames the girl Immediately. without giving It a second thought. Marilla shuts the girl up in her room till the latter confesses. Not knowing anything about the brooch, compelled to tell a lie, Anne invents a story of taking the brooch and eventually losing it. The truth comes out only when Matthew Cuthbert, Marilla's brother, accidentally finds the brooch. Children are often persuaded through fear, fear of punishment, fear of forfeiting something nice and pleasant.Compelled respect also implies fear and is not real. Just as one cannot be made to love, one cannot be made to r espect. When children are compelled to respect and obey somebody rather imposing, they usually do it only in his or her presence and hate, despise them and hold them in contempt behind their backs. And that's quite natural, Isnt it? For real, genuine respect can only be won: one is to be respected in one's own right, that is for one's own virtues, merits and achievements, not because of one's position, rank or status. No wonder affectionate and caring towards her.He buys a beautiful dress for the girl to wear at Christmas ball. On the whole, the problem of the difficult child arises when the psychological atmosphere in which a child is being brought up is not friendly, but hostile to him or her, or when a child doesn't get enough love, attention, care, affection, reassurance, and praise. When grown-ups are inconsistent in their requirements and demands, go back on their word, etc. , when a child is over- criticised, not trusted, the results are similar. To conclude, one may say that there are no difficult children, but Just misguided adults who can't find a way with them.However, there are such cases when a child misbehaves due to organic and other pathologies and diseases. Then a doctor, a psychologist should be consulted. * Anne Shirley is a girl of eleven raised in an orphanage. She is accidentally sent to Miss Marilla Buthbert and Mr. Matthew Cuthbert, middle-aged sister and brother living together at Green Gables, a farm in Avonlea, who have originally requested a boy as a helper on their farm. ** For forms of punishment see â€Å"The Lumber Room† by H. H. Munro. bringing up child Children ‘s has their own world. Understanding their needs and addressing the ame,is important.Some of the tips below may help you to upbring your child . 1. Allow the children's to choose the food items, dress items, playing things. Imagine you boss wants you to do something, which you do not want to do. You cannot neglect. Either you will do or you try to convince him. If you can't able to convince him , you have to carryout his instructions. Same way you treat you child. But don't forget , if you explain the child about the consequences , when she or he in normal , it will give fruitfull effect. So, don't try to push your thinking on them. 2. Allow them o ask no of questions.You will accept that, by asking questions your IQ grows. Don't shout on them , when they ask unwanted questions also. Try to explain as much you can. This will increase confidence level in children's. Not only that, it provoke positive approach towards parents to child. This will help you when they grow . 3. Teach the things as it is. Wherever you take the child , you try to explain the child , the surrounding things as it is. Whether it is technical or non technical or simple things. Don't try to be too smart by explaining the simple thing in a complicated way.By doing so, your child memory will sharpen and your energy will not get exhausted. ln future they will able t o mean it what you said. 4. Try not to teach them. Mean's change your bad habits and attitude towards anything inorder to cultivate good habit in children's. Because upto five years the child try to learn activities from mother and father. Either the style of talking or walking or other habits. 5. Totally avoid punishments. Make them understand in their own way. Being harsh, we are hardening the child's mind. This will make the child's life miserable in future.

Free Essays on Procrastination A Battle From Within

Taking pride in my work and making sure something is done to the best of my abilities are two things that I feel will take me very far in the things that I do in my work, and personal life, a along with my learning team. In my prospective of things a person’s attitude or characteristics are shown through the outcome of their projects or assignments. If someone doesn’t care enough to take their time to make sure something is flawless before turning it in, then to me, this tells me that they do not care about their own personal life to make sure their aren’t any problems, especially the ones that can be fixed in a matter of minutes. I don’t want to settle in life knowing something could have been ten times better if I would of taking five to ten minutes more to better the situation. Not only are you depriving yourself from the best possible outcome but you are hurting the one’s that are closely around you. If you are doing a mediocre job on a ta sk your spouse, at home, or a close colleague at work will be affected by this the same as you and this is not fair to them. The main area at work or at home that I need to work on is that of procrastination, the remitting of this paper says enough on this main problem in my life. I always put things off, my number one saying is, I will do that tomorrow, well tomorrow always seems to turn into, where the time went. This has forced me into a lot of pressurized situations that were not to enjoyable, just because I put something off until the next day, then the next, and so on until my boss is wondering where that research is that was due on his desk two days prior to the day he finally came and ask. However, I do feel that I do my best work when I am trying to beat a deadline, but then I have to deal with the fact that I do not have an adequate amount of time to go over my information before it is due. With this problem you fall back onto my first quality of taking pride in you... Free Essays on Procrastination A Battle From Within Free Essays on Procrastination A Battle From Within Taking pride in my work and making sure something is done to the best of my abilities are two things that I feel will take me very far in the things that I do in my work, and personal life, a along with my learning team. In my prospective of things a person’s attitude or characteristics are shown through the outcome of their projects or assignments. If someone doesn’t care enough to take their time to make sure something is flawless before turning it in, then to me, this tells me that they do not care about their own personal life to make sure their aren’t any problems, especially the ones that can be fixed in a matter of minutes. I don’t want to settle in life knowing something could have been ten times better if I would of taking five to ten minutes more to better the situation. Not only are you depriving yourself from the best possible outcome but you are hurting the one’s that are closely around you. If you are doing a mediocre job on a ta sk your spouse, at home, or a close colleague at work will be affected by this the same as you and this is not fair to them. The main area at work or at home that I need to work on is that of procrastination, the remitting of this paper says enough on this main problem in my life. I always put things off, my number one saying is, I will do that tomorrow, well tomorrow always seems to turn into, where the time went. This has forced me into a lot of pressurized situations that were not to enjoyable, just because I put something off until the next day, then the next, and so on until my boss is wondering where that research is that was due on his desk two days prior to the day he finally came and ask. However, I do feel that I do my best work when I am trying to beat a deadline, but then I have to deal with the fact that I do not have an adequate amount of time to go over my information before it is due. With this problem you fall back onto my first quality of taking pride in you...

All Things Political

All Things Political All Things Political All Things Political By Maeve Maddox During the Pope’s visit to the United States, social media and television abounded with comments discussing what is and isn’t political. For example, a television anchor expressed surprise that anyone would categorize such things as â€Å"caring for the poor, protecting religious minorities and integrating refugees† as political: â€Å"I think we are in a weird place in the world when [such things] are considered political.† The anchor’s surprise would have surprised Aristotle (384-322 B.C.E.): The end [or goal] of politics is the best of ends; and the main concern of politics is to engender a certain character in the citizens and to make them good and disposed to perform noble actions.- Aristotle, â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics.† English owes the words politics and political to an ancient Greek word that meant â€Å"public matters, civic affairs.† Through time, different meanings have attached to these words. Here are traditional definitions of politics: The science or study of government and the state. Activities or policies associated with government. Public life and affairs involving matters of authority and government. Public life and affairs viewed as a profession. The word politics is also used in the context of nongovernmental activities: Management or control of private affairs and interests, especially as regards status or position. For example, â€Å"office politics.† The political ideas, beliefs, or commitments of a particular individual, organization, etc. For example, â€Å"the politics of the NEA,† â€Å"the politics of a film,† â€Å"the politics of George Clooney.† (with an indefinite article) A political structure, outlook, or ideology. For example, â€Å"a politics of denial,† a politics of denunciation,† â€Å"a politics of love.† For many modern speakers, the word politics has a derogatory connotation. For example, â€Å"to play politics† is â€Å"to act on an issue for personal or political gain rather than from principle.† Like the noun, the adjective has more than one application. A â€Å"political issue,† for example, is an issue associated with government policy. A â€Å"political football† is a subject of contentious political debate. â€Å"Political correctness† is language or behavior intended to avoid controversy. In a broad sense, political describes just about anything that affects the way people live their lives in an organized state. Here are a few random quotations on the topic of politics: In politics stupidity is not a handicap.- Napoleon Bonaparte In our age there is no such thing as keeping out of politics. All issues are political issues, and politics itself is a mass of lies, evasions, folly, hatred and schizophrenia.- George Orwell. The whole aim of practical politics is to keep the populace alarmed (and hence clamorous to be led to safety) by menacing it with an endless series of hobgoblins, all of them imaginary.- H. L. Mencken. The greatest power is not money power, but political power.- Walter Annenberg. I believe that political correctness can be a form of linguistic fascism, and it sends shivers down the spine of my generation who went to war against fascism.- P. D. James. Politics is the greatest calling in a democracy.- Boyd A. Martin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Definitely use "the" or "a"The Four Sounds of the Spelling OU5 Keys to Better Sentence Flow

Implementation plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Implementation plan - Essay Example The number one step for implementing the proposal is to obtain approval from the leaders in the health sector. This will be very important, as you can be sure of their full support. It is always vital that the leaders give you the go ahead in order to proceed with the implementation of the plan. The leaders are responsible for linking you up with the authorities in charge of regulating the health care provision in the country. It also helps in ensuring that you acquire the resources required for successful implementation of the plan. The best strategy to win the approval of the leaders is to enlighten them on the importance of the plan and the massive benefits it will bring on the target population. Equipping them with the full information about the whole plan is vital if they have to give their support for the plan implementation. A written request about the plan to the leaders is necessary as opposed to word of mouth. The leaders must in turn reply in writing. For the members of st aff, seeking for their involvement in implementing the plan will be an easy task once the leadership approve. Once the leadership of the organization gives the go ahead for the plant implementation, the staff is most likely to follow suit. Upon approval by both the leadership and fellow members of staff, the plan can then progress to the next stage. As described in the introductory part, Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) have consistently grown in prevalence among patients who have indwelling catheters. CAUTI increases cost of medication in hospitals and accounts for a higher percentage for mortality and morbidity (AACN, 2015). CAUTI can be preventable through adoption of viable precautionary measures. One of the major contributing factors to CAUTI is the extended duration of catheterization as well as insertion of the catheters without adequate reason as to their requirements. CAUTI results from three major aspects. One is the

Cochlear Implants - The Future of Clinical Remediation of Hearing Loss Essay

Cochlear Implants - The Future of Clinical Remediation of Hearing Loss - Essay Example Hearing loss is the inability to hear and can be caused by genetic factors or illnesses. This condition makes the lives of the people with it a living hell. They are usually discriminated by the society, making it difficult to have their issues and concerns addressed. This has been the case scenario for many years, and the deaf have a reason to smile. Technological advancement has brought a possible solution to their woes. Cochlear imp0lant promises to make the deaf listen to others and respond to them accordingly. This solution will make it possible for the deaf to integrate into the mainstream society. In fact, some experts are confident that the future of clinical remediation for hearing loss is the cochlear implants.In fact, some experts believe that cochlear implants hold the future for the hearing loss problem because of advancement in technology and research. There are many researchers in the world who are researching on the different aspects of hearing loss. The hearing loss foundation website has listed more than twenty scientists and researchers working on different hearing loss projects (Hearing Loss Foundation, 1). Their findings will provide a better approach to not only managing hearing loss but also curing and treating the problem. Some believe that research on cochlear will provide information on how to cure hearing loss problems that are not cochlear dependent, for instance, genetic hearing loss (Wilson and Dorman, 15).

Justice John Paul Stevens Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Justice John Paul Stevens - Case Study Example One of the most important factors of this case is the dissenting opinion of Justice John Paul Stevens. Justice Stevens stated that the judgment reached by the court was a strained decision which was also supported by a reading which was unpersuasive. He continued to say that the decision had overturned a precedent which had stood for a long time and also that the court had bestowed the law in a dramatic upheaval. Stevens states that it was notable of the amendment because it had omitted any of the statement of the needs that were associated with the individual's rights to utilize firearms when hunting or also in self defense and that this rights were present in the Declarations of Rights of Pennsylvania and Vermont (Gary, 2008). The dissent of Justice Stevens can be seen to be focused on four points of disagreement. One of the point of disagreement is that the Founders did not intend to make the individuals rights in possession of guns an aspect of the Second Amendment and if they intended it they would have made that clause expressly in the Second Amendment. The other point of disagreement is that the preamble concerning the militia and that the exact phrase which mentions to keep and bear arms is only applicable to the state militias only and not all individuals according to the Second Amendment.

An RSA-Type OTP Generator

An RSA-Type OTP Generator An RSA-Type OTP Generator Aiswarya Vinayachandran,  Sivasankar M Abstract Simple and secure authentication protocols are in great demand due to the ever expanding use of internet for financial and message communications. Multifactor authentication, in particular 2Factor Authentication (2FA) is preferred to static passwords-only authentication. One Time Passwords (OTPs) play a vital role in the construction of 2FA protocols. In this paper, an efficient OTP generation algorithm, based on RSA scheme is discussed. Implementation and computational issues related to the algorithm are also discussed. Keywords: Authentication, RSA, One Time Password, LFSR, Primitive Element 1. Introduction These days, almost all our day to day activities, starting from buying vegetables to booking a movie ticket depend on internet. As highly private data is being communicated between the server and the client, secure protocols are required for protecting these transactions from attackers. Over the years, we realized that encryption methods alone are not sufficient to secure online transactions. Hence evolved the idea of sending some message each time personally to the user and prompting him to send back the message along with his/her password to complete the transaction. This provides a second layer of security and strength to the existing concept of static passwords. In this paper, we present a way to generate OTPs, based on RSA type exponentiation. This research paper is organised as: Section 2 explains authentication process; Section 3 briefly discusses the conventional way of OTP generation; Section 4 is the proposed algorithm; Section 5 discusses about the randomness in the generation of the OTPs; Section 6 analyses the operational complexity and security of the proposed algorithm; Section 7 gives some concluding remarks. 2. Authentication Authentication is the process of identifying the legitimate user [1]. The identity is proven by various cryptographic methods where the user has to enter some input to the system. This can range from simply entering a password to more complicated security mechanisms like biometrics, strings displayed by tokens, key encryptions. Based on this input, the system will identify and authenticate the person. After authentication, comes authorization, where the system identifies the various privileges available to the user. Only authorized users can get access to the data as not all the users will have the same privileges. Some users will be allowed to only read the data while some users will be allowed to read as well as modify it. 2.1. Message Authentication Message authentication is used to check if the received message has been tampered in the middle of the communication channel. Message authentication is used to protect the integrity of the message wherein the receiver should be notified if any bits in the message are modified, removed or extra bits are added during the communication. This is achieved by sending a message digest – usually hash of the message will be the digest – together with the message. If the receiver also is obtaining the same digest over the received message then he/she can be sure of the integrity of the message. 2.2. Entity Authentication Entity authentication is the process in which an entity (machine/human) in a distributed network will get belief on another entity (machine/human) based on a key already established between them. The idea is that the key is kept secret and only the two genuine communicating entities know the secret key. Machine authentication is achieved through the verification of digital credentials or digital certificates. Digital Credentials are like a machine provided ID and password or a digital certificated issued by a Certifying Authority (CA). It is like a digital passport that provides trusted identification. Digital Signature is a mathematical technique used to validate the authenticity of a digital document, software or a message. It is used to identify whether a communication is impersonalized. Human based authentication relies on at least one of the three key factors: something the user knows (a password or an answer to a security question), something the user possesses (an object for authentication, say smart card), and something the user is (behavioural or physiological characteristics of the individual say, finger print and retina scanning). 3. Conventional OTP Generators OTP is an authentication technique, which comes in the second layer of authentication protocols after static passwords. An OTP is valid only for a single transaction. Even if an attacker succeeds in decrypting the password of a user, he/she has to get the OTP generated to validate the transaction. Since OTP is based on randomness/collision resistance, it is very difficult to guess an OTP. Even if the attacker succeeds in acquiring an OTP, he may not be able to predict the next OTP. OTP generation is based on hashing algorithms. Hashing is an irreversible process, i.e. for an input we can get the output, but with the obtained output we cannot get back the input. Even if an attacker obtains many OTPs, it is of no use as he/she cannot find a pattern to guess the seed used to generate the OTPs. An OTP is valid for a limited time, generally two to fifteen minutes based on the web site’s restrictions. Also in online transactions, while entering an OTP, a user is allowed to make errors only a limited number of times, say twice or thrice, which again adds to its security. A most common way of generating a sequence of OTPs[2] is described in Algorithm 1. Algorithm 1: Conventional OTP Generation Algorithm Note that the weakness of the OTP mechanism lies on the channel used to send the OTP and the security of the device to which the OTP is send. It will be advisable to secure the device with some biometric credentials making it totally safe. 4 Proposed RSA type OTP Generating Algorithm After the invention of public key cryptography, encrypted communication reached the next level. In general, public key cryptography relies on some hard mathematical problems like Integer Factorisation Problem (IFP), Discrete Logarithm Problem (DLP) [3]. As our proposed OTP generation is based on RSA crypto-system, we briefly do a recap of RSA encryption [4]. 4.1 The RSA Algorithm The Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm is one of the popular and secure publickey encryption methods. The security of the algorithm relies on the fact that there is no efficient way to factor very large numbers. Using an encryption key (e, N), the algorithm is as follows: Choose two very large prime numbers, p and q; Set N equal to p.q. Choose any large integer, d, such that gcd(d, à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(N) ) = 1. Find e such that e.d = 1 (mod à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(N)); The encryption key (e,n) is made public. The decryption key d is kept private by the user. Represent the message as an integer between 0 and (N-1). Encrypt the message by raising it to the eth power mod n. The result is the cipher text C. To decrypt the cipher text message C, raise it to the power d mod n 4.2 Proposed OTP Generation Technique: Our proposed algorithm is based on RSA encryption/decryption process and is described in Algorithm 2 below. Algorithm 2: Proposed Algorithm The above procedure can be represented by a schematic diagram as in Fig.1. Fig. 1. Architecture of the Proposed Model 4.3. A Comment on the Selection of N and the Possible Number of OTPs Present day OTPs are of generally 6 digits in length. Hence they can range from 000000 to 999999, totalling to 10,00,000. This is so, as we have 10 choices (numbers 0 to 9) for every digit and hence 10.10.10.10.10.10 = 106 = 10,00,000. If we incorporate a module to condition that the first two most significant digits should be non zero, even then 9.9.10.10.10.10 = 8,10,000 OTPs are available. In our proposed algorithm, if we require 6 digit OTPs, we can select N close to the integer 999999. For example a choice of 991 . 997 = 988027 will be sufficient for our implementation. As the number of bits used to represent a 6 digit decimal number is approximately 20 bits (log2 999999 =19.93156713), we need to select a 20 bit RSA number for our algorithm. Note that, a 20 bit RSA crypto system can be easily broken by the present day computers when e and N are known outside. But here as the attacker does not know N and a, he/she cannot guess the next OTP, which is some random number that lies b etween 1 and N-1.The only information that the attacker can get is the current OTP, which is some 6 digit number. 5. Randomness in the Generation of the OTPs from ZN* Considering the demand for OTPs and the computational expenses of different exponential algorithms, it is advisable to follow a systematic approach for the selection of the random number aà ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ½ {1, 2,†¦ ,N–1} .We propose two convincing methods for the selection of a. 5.1. Linear Feedback Shift Registers (LFSRs): LFSR is a mechanism for generating random numbers based on the initial seed given to it. So if we start with a non-zero 20 bit string, the LFSR can generate all the other 220–1 20-bit strings. We refer to [5] for some basic facts about LFSR. An LFSR of length L consists of L stages 0,1 , †¦ , L-1, each capable of storing one bit and having one input and output and a clock which controls the movement of data. During each unit of time the following operations are performed; (i) the content of stage 0 is output and forms part of the output sequence; (ii) the content of stage i is moved to stage i 1 for each i, 1 ≠¤ i ≠¤ L – 1; (iii) the new content of stage L – 1 is the feedback bit s which is calculated by adding together modulo 2 the previous contents of a fixed subset of stages 0,1, †¦ , L – 1. We note that for an n-bit LFSR connectionpolynomials are available, where à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦ is the Euler’s totient function. So, for a six digit OTP, i.e. for a 20 bit string, we have = 24,000 choices. With each connection polynomial, we can generate all the 20-bit strings in different random ways. Since we have 24,000choices, we can assign a single connection polynomial for a single customer, and OTPs generated for each customer will be in entirely different pattern. 5.2 Primitive Roots: Another mechanism for generating 6 digit random numbers is by using the concept of primitive roots.We refer [6] for the concepts related to cyclic groups and generators/primitive elements..Let p be a prime number. Consider Zp*. Let gà ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ½ ZP*. As i vary from 0 to p–1, by computing gi mod p, we can generate all elements in Zp*. Here g is called the primitive root/generator of Zp*. As we have selected an RSA number N, which is not a prime number, to follow this kind of random number generation, we can N as a prime number very close to 999999. For example, N = p = 999983 will be sufficient. It is a known result that, if g is a primitive root, then gi is also a primitive root if gcd (i,à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(p))=1. Hence we are available with à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(p)) generators [6]. Hence if N = 999983 (a six digit prime), we have à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ ¦(999983)) =493584 generators which means we have sufficiently large number of primitive roots at our disposal. 6. Computational Complexity and Security of the Proposed Algorithm The proposed algorithm is an RSA-type algorithm which uses modular exponentiation for its computation. The modular exponentiation operation generally consumes a considerable amount of time for large operands as it consists of a series of square-and-multiply operations under a modular value. For a particular user, e will be fixed. Hence the time complexity for ae (mod N) is O(log2e). As RSA is a widely implemented cryptosystem, improvements in modular exponentiation algorithms are evolving very frequently [7]. Though the proposed algorithm uses the concept of RSA with a 20-bit modular (where as the current standard is 256 to 512 bits), since a, e, N are not known publicly we achieve security through obscurity. 7. Conclusions and Future Works In this paper, we have proposed a new method to generate OTPs and discussed the possible ways of implementing it practically. There may exist other novel methods with less time complexity. Incorporating new methods we can design more efficient algorithm for generating OTPs. The possibility of generating alphanumeric OTPs will be also explored, in future. References [1]Bruce Schneier, â€Å"Applied Cryptographyâ€Å", Wiley Publications, 2002. [2] L. Lamport, â€Å"Password authentication with insecure communication,† Communications of the ACM,vol.24,no.11, pp.770-772,1981. [3] Neal Koblitz, â€Å"Towards a Quarter Century of Public Key Cryptography†, A Special Issue of Designs, codes and Cryptography, Vol. 19, No. 2/3, Springer, 2000. [4] Rivest R. L. ,Shamir A.,Adleman L., â€Å"A Method for Obtaining Digital Signatures and Public-key Cryptosystems†, Communications of the ACM, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 120-126, 1978. [5] Alfred, J., Van Menezes Paul, C., Oorschot, S., Vanstone, A. â€Å"Handbook of Applied Cryptography† , CRC Press LCC (1996) [6] James K Strayer, â€Å"Elementary Number Theory† ,Waveland Press, 2001. [7] Gueron, Shay and Krasnov, Vlad , â€Å" Software Implementation of Modular Exponentiation, Using Advanced Vector Instructions Architectures† , LNCS Vol. 7369, pp.119-135, Springer, 2012.